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4511
Commits
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503d21ef8e |
bpf: Do register range validation early
Instead of checking src/dst range multiple times during the main verifier pass do them once. Acked-by: Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@gmail.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260403024422.87231-2-alexei.starovoitov@gmail.com Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org> |
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891a05ccba |
Merge git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/bpf/bpf 7.0-rc6+
Cross-merge BPF and other fixes after downstream PR. Minor conflict in kernel/bpf/verifier.c Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org> |
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b254c6d816 |
bpf: Simulate branches to prune based on range violations
This patch fixes the invariant violations that can happen after we refine ranges & tnum based on an incorrectly-detected branch condition. For example, the branch is always true, but we miss it in is_branch_taken; we then refine based on the branch being false and end up with incoherent ranges (e.g. umax < umin). To avoid this, we can simulate the refinement on both branches. More specifically, this patch simulates both branches taken using regs_refine_cond_op and reg_bounds_sync. If the resulting register states are ill-formed on one of the branches, is_branch_taken can mark that branch as "never taken". On a more formal note, we can deduce a branch is not taken when regs_refine_cond_op or reg_bounds_sync returns an ill-formed state because the branch operators are sound (verified with Agni [1]). Soundness means that the verifier is guaranteed to produce sound outputs on the taken branches. On the non-taken branch (explored because of imprecision in the bounds), the verifier is free to produce any output. We use ill-formedness as a signal that the branch is dead and prune that branch. This patch moves the refinement logic for both branches from reg_set_min_max to their own function, simulate_both_branches_taken, which is called from is_scalar_branch_taken. As a result, reg_set_min_max now only runs sanity checks and has been renamed to reg_bounds_sanity_check_branches to reflect that. We have had five patches fixing specific cases of invariant violations in the past, all added with selftests: - commit |
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a2a14e874b |
bpf: Exit early if reg_bounds_sync gets invalid inputs
In the subsequent commit, to prune dead branches we will rely on detecting ill-formed ranges using range_bounds_violations() (e.g., umin > umax) after refining register bounds using regs_refine_cond_op(). However, reg_bounds_sync() can sometimes "repair" ill-formed bounds, potentially masking a violation that was produced by regs_refine_cond_op(). This commit modifies reg_bounds_sync() to exit early if an invariant violation is already present in the input. This ensures ill-formed reg_states remain ill-formed after reg_bounds_sync(), allowing simulate_both_branches_taken() to correctly identify dead branches with a single check to range_bounds_violation(). Suggested-by: Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Harishankar Vishwanathan <harishankar.vishwanathan@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Paul Chaignon <paul.chaignon@gmail.com> Acked-by: Shung-Hsi Yu <shung-hsi.yu@suse.com> Acked-by: Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@gmail.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/73127d628841c59cb7423d6bdcd204bf90bcdc80.1775142354.git.paul.chaignon@gmail.com Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org> |
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ec1d77cb0e |
bpf: Use bpf_verifier_env buffers for reg_set_min_max
In a subsequent patch, the regs_refine_cond_op and reg_bounds_sync
functions will be called in is_branch_taken instead of reg_set_min_max,
to simulate each branch's outcome. Since they will run before we branch
out, these two functions will need to work on temporary registers for
the two branches.
This refactoring patch prepares for that change, by introducing the
temporary registers on bpf_verifier_env and using them in
reg_set_min_max.
This change also allows us to save one fake_reg slot as we don't need to
allocate an additional temporary buffer in case of a BPF_K condition.
Finally, you may notice that this patch removes the check for
"false_reg1 == false_reg2" in reg_set_min_max. That check was introduced
in commit
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a1311b94ef |
bpf: Refactor reg_bounds_sanity_check
This commit refactors reg_bounds_sanity_check to factor out the logic that performs the sanity check from the logic that does the reporting. Signed-off-by: Harishankar Vishwanathan <harishankar.vishwanathan@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Paul Chaignon <paul.chaignon@gmail.com> Acked-by: Shung-Hsi Yu <shung-hsi.yu@suse.com> Acked-by: Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@gmail.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/198ec3e69343e2c46dc9cbe2b1bc9be9ae2df5bd.1775142354.git.paul.chaignon@gmail.com Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org> |
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179ee84a89 |
bpf: Fix incorrect pruning due to atomic fetch precision tracking
When backtrack_insn encounters a BPF_STX instruction with BPF_ATOMIC and BPF_FETCH, the src register (or r0 for BPF_CMPXCHG) also acts as a destination, thus receiving the old value from the memory location. The current backtracking logic does not account for this. It treats atomic fetch operations the same as regular stores where the src register is only an input. This leads the backtrack_insn to fail to propagate precision to the stack location, which is then not marked as precise! Later, the verifier's path pruning can incorrectly consider two states equivalent when they differ in terms of stack state. Meaning, two branches can be treated as equivalent and thus get pruned when they should not be seen as such. Fix it as follows: Extend the BPF_LDX handling in backtrack_insn to also cover atomic fetch operations via is_atomic_fetch_insn() helper. When the fetch dst register is being tracked for precision, clear it, and propagate precision over to the stack slot. For non-stack memory, the precision walk stops at the atomic instruction, same as regular BPF_LDX. This covers all fetch variants. Before: 0: (b7) r1 = 8 ; R1=8 1: (7b) *(u64 *)(r10 -8) = r1 ; R1=8 R10=fp0 fp-8=8 2: (b7) r2 = 0 ; R2=0 3: (db) r2 = atomic64_fetch_add((u64 *)(r10 -8), r2) ; R2=8 R10=fp0 fp-8=mmmmmmmm 4: (bf) r3 = r10 ; R3=fp0 R10=fp0 5: (0f) r3 += r2 mark_precise: frame0: last_idx 5 first_idx 0 subseq_idx -1 mark_precise: frame0: regs=r2 stack= before 4: (bf) r3 = r10 mark_precise: frame0: regs=r2 stack= before 3: (db) r2 = atomic64_fetch_add((u64 *)(r10 -8), r2) mark_precise: frame0: regs=r2 stack= before 2: (b7) r2 = 0 6: R2=8 R3=fp8 6: (b7) r0 = 0 ; R0=0 7: (95) exit After: 0: (b7) r1 = 8 ; R1=8 1: (7b) *(u64 *)(r10 -8) = r1 ; R1=8 R10=fp0 fp-8=8 2: (b7) r2 = 0 ; R2=0 3: (db) r2 = atomic64_fetch_add((u64 *)(r10 -8), r2) ; R2=8 R10=fp0 fp-8=mmmmmmmm 4: (bf) r3 = r10 ; R3=fp0 R10=fp0 5: (0f) r3 += r2 mark_precise: frame0: last_idx 5 first_idx 0 subseq_idx -1 mark_precise: frame0: regs=r2 stack= before 4: (bf) r3 = r10 mark_precise: frame0: regs=r2 stack= before 3: (db) r2 = atomic64_fetch_add((u64 *)(r10 -8), r2) mark_precise: frame0: regs= stack=-8 before 2: (b7) r2 = 0 mark_precise: frame0: regs= stack=-8 before 1: (7b) *(u64 *)(r10 -8) = r1 mark_precise: frame0: regs=r1 stack= before 0: (b7) r1 = 8 6: R2=8 R3=fp8 6: (b7) r0 = 0 ; R0=0 7: (95) exit Fixes: |
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b0db1accbc |
bpf: reject direct access to nullable PTR_TO_BUF pointers
check_mem_access() matches PTR_TO_BUF via base_type() which strips
PTR_MAYBE_NULL, allowing direct dereference without a null check.
Map iterator ctx->key and ctx->value are PTR_TO_BUF | PTR_MAYBE_NULL.
On stop callbacks these are NULL, causing a kernel NULL dereference.
Add a type_may_be_null() guard to the PTR_TO_BUF branch, matching the
existing PTR_TO_BTF_ID pattern.
Fixes:
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cc878b4144 |
bpf: Migrate dynptr file to kmalloc_nolock
Replace bpf_mem_alloc/bpf_mem_free with kmalloc_nolock/kfree_nolock for bpf_dynptr_file_impl, continuing the migration away from bpf_mem_alloc now that kmalloc can be used from NMI context. freader_cleanup() runs before kfree_nolock() while the dynptr still holds exclusive access, so plain kfree_nolock() is safe — no concurrent readers can access the object. Signed-off-by: Mykyta Yatsenko <yatsenko@meta.com> Acked-by: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@kernel.org> Acked-by: Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi <memxor@gmail.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260330-kmalloc_special-v2-2-c90403f92ff0@meta.com Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org> |
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90f51ebff2 |
bpf: Migrate bpf_task_work to kmalloc_nolock
Replace bpf_mem_alloc/bpf_mem_free with kmalloc_nolock/kfree_rcu for bpf_task_work_ctx. Replace guard(rcu_tasks_trace)() with guard(rcu)() in bpf_task_work_irq(). The function only accesses ctx struct members (not map values), so tasks trace protection is not needed - regular RCU is sufficient since ctx is freed via kfree_rcu. The guard in bpf_task_work_callback() remains as tasks trace since it accesses map values from process context. Sleepable BPF programs hold rcu_read_lock_trace but not regular rcu_read_lock. Since kfree_rcu waits for a regular RCU grace period, the ctx memory can be freed while a sleepable program is still running. Add scoped_guard(rcu) around the pointer read and refcount tryget in bpf_task_work_acquire_ctx to close this race window. Since kfree_rcu uses call_rcu internally which is not safe from NMI context, defer destruction via irq_work when irqs are disabled. For the lost-cmpxchg path the ctx was never published, so kfree_nolock is safe. Signed-off-by: Mykyta Yatsenko <yatsenko@meta.com> Acked-by: Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi <memxor@gmail.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260330-kmalloc_special-v2-1-c90403f92ff0@meta.com Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org> |
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611fe4b79a |
bpf: Fix abuse of kprobe_write_ctx via freplace
uprobe programs are allowed to modify struct pt_regs.
Since the actual program type of uprobe is KPROBE, it can be abused to
modify struct pt_regs via kprobe+freplace when the kprobe attaches to
kernel functions.
For example,
SEC("?kprobe")
int kprobe(struct pt_regs *regs)
{
return 0;
}
SEC("?freplace")
int freplace_kprobe(struct pt_regs *regs)
{
regs->di = 0;
return 0;
}
freplace_kprobe prog will attach to kprobe prog.
kprobe prog will attach to a kernel function.
Without this patch, when the kernel function runs, its first arg will
always be set as 0 via the freplace_kprobe prog.
To fix the abuse of kprobe_write_ctx=true via kprobe+freplace, disallow
attaching freplace programs on kprobe programs with different
kprobe_write_ctx values.
Fixes:
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c76fef7dcd |
bpf: Fix grace period wait for tracepoint bpf_link
Recently, tracepoints were switched from using disabled preemption
(which acts as RCU read section) to SRCU-fast when they are not
faultable. This means that to do a proper grace period wait for programs
running in such tracepoints, we must use SRCU's grace period wait.
This is only for non-faultable tracepoints, faultable ones continue
using RCU Tasks Trace.
However, bpf_link_free() currently does call_rcu() for all cases when
the link is non-sleepable (hence, for tracepoints, non-faultable). Fix
this by doing a call_srcu() grace period wait.
As far RCU Tasks Trace gp -> RCU gp chaining is concerned, it is deemed
unnecessary for tracepoint programs. The link and program are either
accessed under RCU Tasks Trace protection, or SRCU-fast protection now.
The earlier logic of chaining both RCU Tasks Trace and RCU gp waits was
to generalize the logic, even if it conceded an extra RCU gp wait,
however that is unnecessary for tracepoints even before this change.
In practice no cost was paid since rcu_trace_implies_rcu_gp() was always
true. Hence we need not chaining any RCU gp after the SRCU gp.
For instance, in the non-faultable raw tracepoint, the RCU read section
of the program in __bpf_trace_run() is enclosed in the SRCU gp, likewise
for faultable raw tracepoint, the program is under the RCU Tasks Trace
protection. Hence, the outermost scope can be waited upon to ensure
correctness.
Also, sleepable programs cannot be attached to non-faultable
tracepoints, so whenever program or link is sleepable, only RCU Tasks
Trace protection is being used for the link and prog.
Fixes:
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a8502a79e8 |
bpf: Fix regsafe() for pointers to packet
In case rold->reg->range == BEYOND_PKT_END && rcur->reg->range == N
regsafe() may return true which may lead to current state with
valid packet range not being explored. Fix the bug.
Fixes:
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9eccdd38fb |
bpf: Fix block device hooks names
Use proper names for block device hooks names.
Fixes:
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d457072576 |
bpf: Support struct btf_struct_meta via KF_IMPLICIT_ARGS
The following kfuncs currently accept void *meta__ign argument: * bpf_obj_new_impl * bpf_obj_drop_impl * bpf_percpu_obj_new_impl * bpf_percpu_obj_drop_impl * bpf_refcount_acquire_impl * bpf_list_push_back_impl * bpf_list_push_front_impl * bpf_rbtree_add_impl The __ign suffix is an indicator for the verifier to skip the argument in check_kfunc_args(). Then, in fixup_kfunc_call() the verifier may set the value of this argument to struct btf_struct_meta * kptr_struct_meta from insn_aux_data. BPF programs must pass a dummy NULL value when calling these kfuncs. Additionally, the list and rbtree _impl kfuncs also accept an implicit u64 argument, which doesn't require __ign suffix because it's a scalar, and BPF programs explicitly pass 0. Add new kfuncs with KF_IMPLICIT_ARGS [1], that correspond to each _impl kfunc accepting meta__ign. The existing _impl kfuncs remain unchanged for backwards compatibility. To support this, add "btf_struct_meta" to the list of recognized implicit argument types in resolve_btfids. Implement is_kfunc_arg_implicit() in the verifier, that determines implicit args by inspecting both a non-_impl BTF prototype of the kfunc. Update the special_kfunc_list in the verifier and relevant checks to support both the old _impl and the new KF_IMPLICIT_ARGS variants of btf_struct_meta users. [1] https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20260120222638.3976562-1-ihor.solodrai@linux.dev/ Signed-off-by: Ihor Solodrai <ihor.solodrai@linux.dev> Acked-by: Jiri Olsa <jolsa@kernel.org> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260327203241.3365046-1-ihor.solodrai@linux.dev Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org> |
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46df585fcf |
bpf: classify block device hooks appropriately
A bunch of new hooks for managing block devices were added a while ago but they weren't actually appropriately classified. * bpf_lsm_bdev_alloc() is called when the inode for the block device is allocated. This happens from a sleepable context so mark the function as sleepable. When this function is called the memory for the block device storage embedded into the inode is zeroed. That block device cannot be meaningfully reference or interacted with at this point. So mark it as untrusted for now. * bpf_lsm_bdev_free() is called when the inode for the block device is freed. A bunch of memory associated with the block device has already been freed and there's dangling pointers in there. So mark it as untrusted. It cannot be meaningfully referenced or interacted with anymore. It is also called from sb->s_op->free_inode:: which means it runs in rcu context (most of the times). So leave it as non-sleepable. * bpf_lsm_bdev_setintegrity() is called when a dm-verity device is instantiated (glossing over details for simplicity of the commit message). The block device is very much alive so it remains a trusted hook. It's also called with device mapper's suspend lock held and so the hook is able to sleep so mark it sleepable. Signed-off-by: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260326-work-bpf-bdev-v2-1-5e3c58963987@kernel.org Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org> |
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626e88c070 |
btf: Support kernel parsing of BTF with layout info
Validate layout if present, but because the kernel must be strict in what it accepts, reject BTF with unsupported kinds, even if they are in the layout information. Signed-off-by: Alan Maguire <alan.maguire@oracle.com> Signed-off-by: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@kernel.org> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20260326145444.2076244-8-alan.maguire@oracle.com |
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4639eb9e30 |
bpf: Fix variable length stack write over spilled pointers
Scrub slots if variable-offset stack write goes over spilled pointers.
Otherwise is_spilled_reg() may == true && spilled_ptr.type == NOT_INIT
and valid program is rejected by check_stack_read_fixed_off()
with obscure "invalid size of register fill" message.
Fixes:
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8ed82f807b |
bpf: Use RCU-safe iteration in dev_map_redirect_multi() SKB path
The DEVMAP_HASH branch in dev_map_redirect_multi() uses
hlist_for_each_entry_safe() to iterate hash buckets, but this function
runs under RCU protection (called from xdp_do_generic_redirect_map()
in softirq context). Concurrent writers (__dev_map_hash_update_elem,
dev_map_hash_delete_elem) modify the list using RCU primitives
(hlist_add_head_rcu, hlist_del_rcu).
hlist_for_each_entry_safe() performs plain pointer dereferences without
rcu_dereference(), missing the acquire barrier needed to pair with
writers' rcu_assign_pointer(). On weakly-ordered architectures (ARM64,
POWER), a reader can observe a partially-constructed node. It also
defeats CONFIG_PROVE_RCU lockdep validation and KCSAN data-race
detection.
Replace with hlist_for_each_entry_rcu() using rcu_read_lock_bh_held()
as the lockdep condition, consistent with the rcu_dereference_check()
used in the DEVMAP (non-hash) branch of the same functions. Also fix
the same incorrect lockdep_is_held(&dtab->index_lock) condition in
dev_map_enqueue_multi(), where the lock is not held either.
Fixes:
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70b5f3f782 |
bpf: update outdated comment for refactored btf_check_kfunc_arg_match()
The function btf_check_kfunc_arg_match() was refactored into
check_kfunc_args() by commit
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4145203841 |
bpf: Support pointer param types via SCALAR_VALUE for trampolines
Add BPF verifier support for single- and multi-level pointer parameters and return values in BPF trampolines by treating these parameters as SCALAR_VALUE. This extends the existing support for int and void pointers that are already treated as SCALAR_VALUE. This provides consistent logic for single and multi-level pointers: if a type is treated as SCALAR for a single-level pointer, the same applies to multi-level pointers. The exception is pointer-to-struct, which is currently PTR_TO_BTF_ID for single-level but treated as scalar for multi-level pointers since the verifier lacks context to infer the size of target memory regions. Safety is ensured by existing BTF verification, which rejects invalid pointer types at the BTF verification stage. Signed-off-by: Slava Imameev <slava.imameev@crowdstrike.com> Acked-by: Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@gmail.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260314082127.7939-2-slava.imameev@crowdstrike.com Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org> |
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596bef1d71 |
bpf: Support 32-bit scalar spills in stacksafe()
v1->v2: updated comments
v1: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20260322225124.14005-1-alexei.starovoitov@gmail.com/
The commit
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25e3e1f109 |
bpf: Fix refcount check in check_struct_ops_btf_id()
The current implementation only checks whether the first argument is
refcounted. Fix this by iterating over all arguments.
Signed-off-by: Keisuke Nishimura <keisuke.nishimura@inria.fr>
Fixes:
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ad2f7ed0ee |
bpf: propagate kvmemdup_bpfptr errors from bpf_prog_verify_signature
kvmemdup_bpfptr() returns -EFAULT when the user pointer cannot be copied, and -ENOMEM on allocation failure. The error path always returned -ENOMEM, misreporting bad addresses as out-of-memory. Return PTR_ERR(sig) so user space gets the correct errno. Signed-off-by: Weixie Cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com> Acked-by: Jiri Olsa <jolsa@kernel.org> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/tencent_C9C5B2B28413D6303D505CD02BFEA4708C07@qq.com Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org> |
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833ef4a954 |
bpf: Simplify tnum_step()
Simplify tnum_step() from a 10-variable algorithm into a straight
line sequence of bitwise operations.
Problem Reduction:
tnum_step(): Given a tnum `(tval, tmask)` where `tval & tmask == 0`,
and a value `z` with `tval ≤ z < (tval | tmask)`, find the smallest
`r > z`, a tnum-satisfying value, i.e., `r & ~tmask == tval`.
Every tnum-satisfying value has the form tval | s where s is a subset
of tmask bits (s & ~tmask == 0). Since tval and tmask are disjoint:
tval | s = tval + s
Similarly z = tval + d where d = z - tval, so r > z becomes:
tval + s > tval + d
s > d
The problem reduces to: find the smallest s, a subset of tmask, such
that s > d.
Notice that `s` must be a subset of tmask, the problem now is simplified.
Algorithm:
The mask bits of `d` form a "counter" that we want to increment by one,
but the counter has gaps at the fixed-bit positions. A normal +1 would
stop at the first 0-bit it meets; we need it to skip over fixed-bit
gaps and land on the next mask bit.
Step 1 -- plug the gaps:
d | carry_mask | ~tmask
- ~tmask fills all fixed-bit positions with 1.
- carry_mask = (1 << fls64(d & ~tmask)) - 1 fills all positions
(including mask positions) below the highest non-mask bit of d.
After this, the only remaining 0s are mask bits above the highest
non-mask bit of d where d is also 0 -- exactly the positions where
the carry can validly land.
Step 2 -- increment:
(d | carry_mask | ~tmask) + 1
Adding 1 flips all trailing 1s to 0 and sets the first 0 to 1. Since
every gap has been plugged, that first 0 is guaranteed to be a mask bit
above all non-mask bits of d.
Step 3 -- mask:
((d | carry_mask | ~tmask) + 1) & tmask
Strip the scaffolding, keeping only mask bits. Call the result inc.
Step 4 -- result:
tval | inc
Reattach the fixed bits.
A simple 8-bit example:
tmask: 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0
d: 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 (d = 162)
^
non-mask 1 at bit 5
With carry_mask = 0b00111111 (smeared from bit 5):
d|carry|~tm 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
& tmask 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
The patch passes my local test: test_verifier, test_progs for
`-t verifier` and `-t reg_bounds`.
CBMC shows the new code is equiv to original one[1], and
a lean4 proof of correctness is available[2]:
theorem tnumStep_correct (tval tmask z : BitVec 64)
-- Precondition: valid tnum and input z
(h_consistent : (tval &&& tmask) = 0)
(h_lo : tval ≤ z)
(h_hi : z < (tval ||| tmask)) :
-- Postcondition: r must be:
-- (1) tnum member
-- (2) z < r
-- (3) for any other member w > z, r <= w
let r := tnumStep tval tmask z
satisfiesTnum64 r tval tmask ∧
tval ≤ r ∧ r ≤ (tval ||| tmask) ∧
z < r ∧
∀ w, satisfiesTnum64 w tval tmask → z < w → r ≤ w := by
-- unfold definition
unfold tnumStep satisfiesTnum64
simp only []
refine ⟨?_, ?_, ?_, ?_, ?_⟩
-- the solver proves each conjunct
· bv_decide
· bv_decide
· bv_decide
· bv_decide
· intro w hw1 hw2; bv_decide
[1] https://github.com/eddyz87/tnum-step-verif/blob/master/main.c
[2] https://pastebin.com/raw/czHKiyY0
Signed-off-by: Hao Sun <hao.sun@inf.ethz.ch>
Acked-by: Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Shung-Hsi Yu <shung-hsi.yu@suse.com>
Reviewed-by: Harishankar Vishwanathan <harishankar.vishwanathan@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260320162336.166542-1-hao.sun@inf.ethz.ch
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
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