On certain OSes (Linux & Apple) tun#, tap#, and of course zt# are blacklisted by default, this adds wg# to the list as WireGuard is a similar popular service with wg# being the default adapter name(s) by convention.
Unaligned access caused SIGBUS errors on ARMv6 and ARMv7 targets under FreeBSD.
This was also the cause of the repeating TAP devices. Each time the SIGBUS happened, the service would auto-restart itself, create a new TAP device, and then crash again.
The particular place causing the SIGBUS was:
https://github.com/zerotier/ZeroTierOne/blob/master/node/Utils.hpp#L695
Major new features are:
* **Multipath support** with modes modeled after the Linux kernel's bonding driver. This includes active-passive and active-active modes with fast failover and load balancing. See section 2.1.5 of the manual.
* **DNS configuration** push from network controllers to end nodes, with locally configurable permissions for whether or not push is allowed.
* **AES-GMAC-SIV** encryption mode, which is both somewhat more secure and significantly faster than the old Salsa20/12-Poly1305 mode on hardware that supports AES acceleration. This includes virtually all X86-64 chips and most ARM64. This mode is based on AES-SIV and has been audited by Trail of Bits to ensure that it is equivalent security-wise.
Known issues that are not yet fixed in this beta:
* Some Mac users have reported periods of 100% CPU in kernel_task and connection instability after leaving networks that have been joined for a period of time, or needing to kill ZeroTier and restart it to finish leaving a network. This doesn't appear to affect all users and we haven't diagnosed the root cause yet.
* The service sometimes hangs on shutdown requiring a kill -9. This also does not affect all systems or users.
* AES hardware acceleration is not yet supported on 32-bit ARM, PowerPC (32 or 64), or MIPS (32 or 64) systems. Currently supported are X86-64 and ARM64/AARCH64 with crypto extensions.
* Some users have reported multicast/broadcast outages on networks lasting up to 30 seconds. Still investigating.
We're trying to fix all these issues before the 1.6.0 release. Stay tuned.
Just adding it to the repo, but it still needs to be dealt with during install.
Probably put it in $ZT_HOME and then symlink to the proper place for the distro?
searches $ZT_HOME/networks.d/ for network IDs
searches HISTORY for 16 digit numbers that look like network IDs.
If a redis cluster member fails over to the slave, we'll get an error from not specifying the key for the insert. Recover from that instead of crashing the controller
* ARM32 platform build and flag fixes
* Add a clarification line to LICENSE.txt
* Fix license message in CLI
* Windows service now looks for service command line arguments
* Fixed a bug that could cause excessive queued multicasts
Major Changes
* Mac version no longer requires a kernel extension, instead making use of the [feth interfaces](https://apple.stackexc
* Added support for concurrent multipath (multiple paths at once) with traffic weighting by link quality and faster rec
* Added under-the-hood support for QoS (not yet exposed) that will eventually be configurable via our rules engine.
Minor Changes and Bug Fixes
* Experimental DB driver for [LF](https://github.com/zerotier/lf) to store network controller data (LFDB.cpp / LFDB.hpp
* Modified credential push and direct path push timings and algorithms to somewhat reduce "chattiness" of the protocol
* Removed our beta/half-baked integration of Central with the Windows UI. We're going to do a whole new UI of some kind
* Fixed stack overflow issues on Linux versions using musl libc.
* Fixed some alignment problems reported on ARM and ARM64, but some reports we could not reproduce so please report any
* Fixed numerous other small issues and bugs such as ARM alignment issues causing crashes on some devices.
* Windows now sets the adapter name such that it is consistent in both the Windows UI and command line utilities.
Because zerotier-one depends on "one", which is a phony target,
making it relinks zerotier-one every time, which is probably
not the desired behavior.
In any case, zerotier-one, zerotier-cli, and zerotier-idtool are
real target, so they should have real dependencies and actions.
The "one" target now depends on these three files.
Behavior is mostly unchanged otherwise.
Made the smallest change I could figure out.
Had to remove -Werror because something in the postgres adapter woudn't
compile.
brew install postgresql rabbitmq-c
and seems to put the libs in the right place
This commit changes the Dockerfile ot use the multi-stage build and help
to get an automated build on Docker.
The idea of the multi-stage build is to use the already stable Debian
distribution channel to provide up-to-date versions of ZeroTier.
The benefit is that it would be possible to automate the image build,
either on Docker Hub, Travis or taking advantage of the [docker-library/official-images] infrastructure.
This changes follows the best-practices suggested by
[docker-library/official-images], such as using a High Availability GPG
keyserver, providing a default CMD, allowing "bash" on `docker run` and
others.
Given that both the builder `debian:stretch` and `alpine:latest` are
official messages and have [manifests], this means that this Dockerfile
is also multi-platform. This means that this same Dockerfile will
pick-up the correct Debian package according to the architecture of the
running system during build.
With this changes we could try to promote the image to be parte of
[docker-library/official-images], and take advantage of automated
publishing of multi-architecture images. Others would be able to use
`docker run zerotier` and download the latest version appropriate to
their system.
Related to #682
[docker-library/official-images]: https://github.com/docker-library/official-images
[manifests]: https://blog.docker.com/2017/09/docker-official-images-now-multi-platform/
1) Use existing standard libraries to convert to/from IPv4/IPv6 strings and binary representation.
2) Move null terminator assignment InetAddress::toIpString to top of function, this way if ANY errors occurs that don't write content to the buffer, we're not passing a potentially dangerous buffer around.
* Fixed a bug that caused exits to take a long time on Mac due to huge numbers of redundant attempts to delete managed routes.
* Fixed a socket limit problem on Windows that caused the ZeroTier service to run out of sockets, causing the UI and CLI to be unable to access the API.
* Fixed a threading bug in the ZeroTier Core, albeit one that never manifested on the regular ZeroTier One service/client.
* Fixed a bug that could cause the service to crash if an authorized local client accessed an invalid URL via the control API. (Not exploitable since you needed admin access anyway.)
Added LinuxNetLink to talk to the rtnetlink socket for adding interfaces, addresses routes. Not yet complete. Can currently monitor changes on the system.
when building with `ZT_DEBUG=1` this hint produces a warning:
> node/Packet.cpp:335:43: error: 'register' storage class specifier is deprecated and incompatible with C++17 [-Werror,-Wdeprecated-register]
See http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2015/n4340
The Hyperledger implementation (https://github.com/hyperledger/iroha-ed25519)
contains changes to the assembly code to allow PIC. This in turn fixes
compilation/linking of ZeroTier One when "full hardening" flags are used.
* Features and Core Improvements
* Path selection has been overhauled to improve path stability, simplify code, and prepare for multi-path and trunking in the next major release.
* This version introduces remote tracing for remote diagnostics. Network controllers can set a node (usually the controller itself) to receive remote tracing events from all members of the network or from select members. Events are only sent if they pertain to a given network for security reasons.
* Multicast replication can now be done by designated multicast replicators on a network (flagged as such at the controller) rather than by the sender. Most users won't want this, but it's useful for specialized use cases on hub-and-spoke networks and for low-power devices.
* Cryptographic performance improvements on several platforms.
* Multithreaded performance improvements throughout the code base, including the use of an inline lightweight spinlock for low-contention resources.
* Bugs fixed
* Disappearing routes on Mac (GitHub issue #600)
* Route flapping and path instability in some dual-stack V4/V6 networks
* Blacklist (in local.conf) doesn't work reliably (GitHub issue #656)
* Connection instabilities due to unsigned integer overflows in timing comparisons (use int64_t instead of uint64_t)
* Binaries don't run on some older or lower-end 32-bit ARM chips (build problem)
* ARM NEON crypto code crashes (build problem)
* Fixed some lock ordering issues revealed by "valgrind" tool
* The "zerotier-idtool" command could not be accessed from "zerotier-one" via command line switch
* Leaking sockets on some platforms when uPnP/NAT-PMP is enabled
* Fixed two very rare multithreading issues that were only observed on certain systems
* Platform-Specific Changes
* MacOS
* Installer now loads the kernel extension right away so that High Sierra users will see the prompt to authorize it. This is done in the "Security & Privacy" preference pane and must be done driectly on the console (not via remote desktop). On High Sierra and newer kexts must be authorized at the console via security settings system preferences pane.
* Windows
* The Windows installer should now install the driver without requiring a special prompt in most cases. This should make it easier for our packages to be accepted into and updated in the Chocolatey repository and should make it easier to perform remote installs across groups of machines using IT management and provisioning tools.
* The Windows official packages are now signed with an EV certificate (with hardware key).
* The Windows UI can now log into ZeroTier Central and join networks via the Central API.
* The `zerotier-idtool` command should now work on Windows without ugly hacks.
* Upgraded the installer version.
* Made a few changes to hopefully fix sporadic "will not uninstall" problems, though we cannot duplicate these issues ourselves.
* Linux
* Device names are now generated deterministically based on network IDs for all newly joined networks.
* Android
* Multicast now works on Android in most cases! Android apps can send and receive multicast and subscribe to multicast group IPs. Note that in some cases the app must bind to the specific correct interface for this to work.
* IPv6 can be disabled in UI for cases where it causes problems.
* Path selection has been overhauled to improve path stability, simplify code, and prepare for multi-path and trunking in the next major release.
* This version introduces remote tracing for remote diagnostics. Network controllers can set a node (usually the controller itself) to receive remote tracing events from all members of the network or from select members. Events are only sent if they pertain to a given network for security reasons.
* Multicast replication can now be done by designated multicast replicators on a network (flagged as such at the controller) rather than by the sender. Most users won't want this, but it's useful for specialized use cases on hub-and-spoke networks and for low-power devices.
* Cryptographic performance improvements on several platforms.
* Multithreaded performance improvements throughout the code base, including the use of an inline lightweight spinlock for low-contention resources.
* Bugs fixed
* Disappearing routes on Mac (GitHub issue #600)
* Route flapping and path instability in some dual-stack V4/V6 networks
* Blacklist (in local.conf) doesn't work reliably (GitHub issue #656)
* Connection instabilities due to unsigned integer overflows in timing comparisons (use int64_t instead of uint64_t)
* Binaries don't run on some older or lower-end 32-bit ARM chips (build problem)
* ARM NEON crypto code crashes (build problem)
* Fixed some lock ordering issues revealed by "valgrind" tool
* The "zerotier-idtool" command could not be accessed from "zerotier-one" via command line switch
* Leaking sockets on some platforms when uPnP/NAT-PMP is enabled
* Fixed two very rare multithreading issues that were only observed on certain systems
* Platform-Specific Changes
* MacOS
* Installer now loads the kernel extension right away so that High Sierra users will see the prompt to authorize it. This is done in the "Security & Privacy" preference pane and must be done driectly on the console (not via remote desktop). On High Sierra and newer kexts must be authorized at the console via security settings system preferences pane.
* Windows
* The Windows installer should now install the driver without requiring a special prompt in most cases. This should make it easier for our packages to be accepted into and updated in the Chocolatey repository and should make it easier to perform remote installs across groups of machines using IT management and provisioning tools.
* The Windows official packages are now signed with an EV certificate (with hardware key).
* The Windows UI can now log into ZeroTier Central and join networks via the Central API.
* The `zerotier-idtool` command should now work on Windows without ugly hacks.
* Upgraded the installer version.
* Made a few changes to hopefully fix sporadic "will not uninstall" problems, though we cannot duplicate these issues ourselves.
* Linux
* Device names are now generated deterministically based on network IDs for all newly joined networks.
* Android
* Multicast now works on Android in most cases! Android apps can send and receive multicast and subscribe to multicast group IPs. Note that in some cases the app must bind to the specific correct interface for this to work.
* IPv6 can be disabled in UI for cases where it causes problems.
Adds a "vault" section to local.conf. Example local.conf:
{
"config": {
"vault": {
"vaultURL": "https://some.vault.host:8200",
"vaultToken": "my-super-secret-vault-token",
"vaultPath": "secure/place/to/put/identity"
}
}
Additionally, the following environment variables can be set. Environment variables override local.conf:
VAULT_ADDR
VAULT_TOKEN
VAULT_PATH
Identities will be placed in the keys "public" and "secret" under the user specified path. If no path is specified, they will be placed in the token specific cubbyhole.
If identity.public and identity.secret exist on disk and vault is configured, they will be automatically added to Vault and removed from disk.
TODO:
* Decide behavior for if Vault cannot be reached.
* Add libcurl as a dependency in Linux & Mac builds
* Add libcurl as a requirement for linux packages
When running ArchlinuxARM with 64bit support on Raspberry Pi3, the default build fails due to the architecture look-up at the beginning of the build process. A simple addition of the Armv7l section above allows the build to continue and successfully run.
There were cases in the code where time calculations and comparisons were overflowing and causing connection instability. This will keep time calculations within expected ranges.
I've only tested locally, on a power8 box running Ubuntu 16.10, but everything (and earth) checks out.
Let me know if more testing infrastructure is needed.
* Managed routes are now only bifurcated for the default route. This is a change in behavior, though few people will probably notice. Bifurcating all managed routes was causing more trouble than it was worth for most users.
* Up to 2X crypto speedup on x86-64 (except Windows, which will take some porting) and 32-bit ARM platforms due to integration of fast assembly language implementations of Salsa20/12 from the [supercop](http://bench.cr.yp.to/supercop.html) code base. These were written by Daniel J. Bernstein and are in the public domain. My Macbook Pro (Core i5 2.8ghz) now does almost 1.5GiB/sec Salsa20/12 per core and a Raspberry Pi got a 2X boost. 64-bit ARM support and Windows support will take some work but should not be too hard.
* Refactored code that manages credentials to greatly reduce memory use in most cases. This may also result in a small performance improvement.
* Reworked and simplified path selection and priority logic to fix path instability and dead path persistence edge cases. There have been some sporadic reports of persistent path instabilities and dead paths hanging around that take minutes to resolve. These have proven difficult to reproduce in house, but hopefully this will fix them. In any case it seems to speed up path establishment in our tests and it makes the code simpler and more readable.
* Eliminated some unused cruft from the code around path management and in the peer class.
* Fixed an issue causing build problems on some MIPS architecture systems.
* Fixed Windows forgetting routes on sleep/wake or in some other circumstances. (GitHub issue #465)
Version 1.2.2 fixes a few bugs discovered after the 1.2.0 release. These are:
* A bug causing unreliable multicast propagation (GitHub issue #461).
* A crash in ARM binaries due to a build chain and flags problem.
* A bug in the network controller preventing members from being listed (GitHub issue #460).
The largest new feature in 1.2.0, and the product of many months of work, is our advanced network rules engine. With this release we achieve traffic control, security monitoring, and micro-segmentation capability on par with many enterprise SDN solutions designed for use in advanced data centers and corporate networks.
Rules allow you to filter packets on your network and vector traffic to security observers. Security observation can be performed in-band using REDIRECT or out of band using TEE.
Tags and capabilites provide advanced methods for implementing fine grained permission structures and micro-segmentation schemes without bloating the size and complexity of your rules table.
See the [rules engine announcement blog post](https://www.zerotier.com/blog/?p=927) for an in-depth discussion of theory and implementation. The [manual](https://www.zerotier.com/manual.shtml) contains detailed information on rule, tag, and capability use, and the `rule-compiler/` subfolder of the ZeroTier source tree contains a JavaScript function to compile rules in our human-readable rule definition language into rules suitable for import into a network controller. (ZeroTier Central uses this same script to compile rules on [my.zerotier.com](https://my.zerotier.com/).)
It's now possible to create your own root servers and add them to the root server pool on your nodes. This is done by creating what's called a "moon," which is a signed enumeration of root servers and their stable points on the network. Refer to the [manual](https://www.zerotier.com/manual.shtml) for instructions.
Federated roots achieve a number of things:
* You can deploy your own infrastructure to reduce dependency on ours.
* You can deploy roots *inside your LAN* to ensure that network connectivity inside your facility still works if the Internet goes down. This is the first step toward making ZeroTier viable as an in-house SDN solution.
* Roots can be deployed inside national boundaries for countries with data residency laws or "great firewalls." (As of 1.2.0 there is still no way to force all traffic to use these roots, but that will be easy to do in a later version.)
* Last but not least this makes ZeroTier somewhat less centralized by eliminating any hard dependency on ZeroTier, Inc.'s infrastructure.
Our roots will of course remain and continue to provide zero-configuration instant-on deployment, a secure global authority for identities, and free traffic relaying for those who can't establish peer to peer connections.
An element of our design philosophy is "features are bugs." This isn't an absolute dogma but more of a guiding principle. We try as hard as we can to avoid adding features, especially "knobs" that must be tweaked by a user.
As of 1.2.0 we've decided that certain knobs are unavoidable, and so there is now a `local.conf` file that can be used to configure them. See the ZeroTier One documentation for these. They include:
* Blacklisting interfaces you want to make sure ZeroTier doesn't use for network traffic, such as VPNs, slow links, or backplanes designated for only certain kinds of traffic.
* Turning uPnP/NAT-PMP on or off.
* Configuring software updates on Windows and Mac platforms.
* Defining trusted paths (the old trusted paths file is now deprecated)
* Setting the ZeroTier main port so it doesn't have to be changed on the command line, which is very inconvenient in many cases.
A good software update system for Windows and Mac clients has been a missing feature in previous versions. It does exist but we've been shy about using it so far due to its fragility in some environments.
We've greatly improved this mechanism in 1.2.0. Not only does it now do a better job of actually invoking the update, but it also transfers updates in-band using the ZeroTier protocol. This means it can work in environments that do not allows http/https traffic or that force it through proxies. There's also now an update channel setting: `beta` or `release` (the default).
Software updates are authenticated three ways:
1. ZeroTier's own signing key is used to sign all updates and this signature is checked prior to installation. ZeroTier, Inc.'s signatures are performed on an air-gapped machine.
2. Updates for Mac and Windows are signed using Apple and Microsoft (DigiCert EV) keys and will not install unless these signatures are also valid.
3. The new in-band update mechanism also authenticates the source of the update via ZeroTier's built-in security features. This provides transport security, while 1 and 2 provide security of the update at rest.
Updates are now configurable via `local.conf`. There are three options: `disable`, `download`, and `apply`. The third (apply) is the default for official builds on Windows and Mac, making updates happen silently and automatically as they do for popular browsers like Chrome and Firefox. Updates are disabled by default on Linux and other Unix-type systems as these are typically updated through package managers.
Version 1.2.0 is now aware of the link quality of direct paths with other 1.2.0 nodes. This information isn't used yet but is visible through the JSON API. (Quality always shows as 100% with pre-1.2.0 nodes.) Quality is measured passively with no additional overhead using a counter based packet loss detection algorithm.
This information is visible from the command line via `listpeers`:
200 listpeers XXXXXXXXXX 199.XXX.XXX.XXX/9993;10574;15250;1.00 48 1.2.0 LEAF
200 listpeers XXXXXXXXXX 195.XXX.XXX.XXX/45584;467;7608;0.44 290 1.2.0 LEAF
The first peer's path is at 100% (1.00), while the second peer's path is suffering quite a bit of packet loss (0.44).
Link quality awareness is a precursor to intelligent multi-path and QoS support, which will in future versions bring us to feature parity with SD-WAN products like Cisco iWAN.
Version 1.2.0 adds anti-DOS (denial of service) rate limits and other hardening for improved resiliency against a number of denial of service attack scenarios.
It also adds a mechanism for instantaneous credential revocation. This can be used to revoke certificates of membership instantly to kick a node off a network (for private networks) and also to revoke capabilities and tags. The new controller sends revocations by default when a peer is de-authorized.
Revocations propagate using a "rumor mill" peer to peer algorithm. This means that a controller need only successfully send a revocation to at least one member of a network with connections to other active members. At this point the revocation will flood through the network peer to peer very quickly. This helps make revocations more robust in the face of poor connectivity with the controller or attempts to incapacitate the controller with denial of service attacks, as well as making revocations faster on huge networks.
The Mac has a whole new UI built natively in Objective-C. It provides a pulldown similar in appearance and operation to the Mac WiFi task bar menu.
The Windows UI has also been improved and now provides a task bar icon that can be right-clicked to manage networks. Both now expose managed route and IP permissions, allowing nodes to easily opt in to full tunnel operation if you have a router configured on your network.
A special kind of public network called an ad-hoc network may be accessed by joining a network ID with the format:
ffSSSSEEEE000000
| | | |
| | | Reserved for future use, must be 0
| | End of port range (hex)
| Start of port range (hex)
Reserved ZeroTier address prefix indicating a controller-less network
Ad-hoc networks are public (no access control) networks that have no network controller. Instead their configuration and other credentials are generated locally. Ad-hoc networks permit only IPv6 UDP and TCP unicast traffic (no multicast or broadcast) using 6plane format NDP-emulated IPv6 addresses. In addition an ad-hoc network ID encodes an IP port range. UDP packets and TCP SYN (connection open) packets are only allowed to desintation ports within the encoded range.
For example `ff00160016000000` is an ad-hoc network allowing only SSH, while `ff0000ffff000000` is an ad-hoc network allowing any UDP or TCP port.
Keep in mind that these networks are public and anyone in the entire world can join them. Care must be taken to avoid exposing vulnerable services or sharing unwanted files or other resources.
The network controller has been largely rewritten to use a simple in-filesystem JSON data store in place of SQLite, and it is now included by default in all Windows, Mac, Linux, and BSD builds. This means any desktop or server node running ZeroTier One can now be a controller with no recompilation needed.
If you have data in an old SQLite3 controller we've included a NodeJS script in `controller/migrate-sqlite` to migrate data to the new format. If you don't migrate, members will start getting `NOT_FOUND` when they attempt to query for updates.
* **The Windows HyperV 100% CPU bug is FINALLY DEAD**: This long-running problem turns out to have been an issue with Windows itself, but one we were triggering by placing invalid data into the Windows registry. Microsoft is aware of the issue but we've also fixed the triggering problem on our side. ZeroTier should now co-exist quite well with HyperV and should now be able to be bridged with a HyperV virtual switch.
* **Segmenation faults on musl-libc based Linux systems**: Alpine Linux and some embedded Linux systems that use musl libc (a minimal libc) experienced segmentation faults. These were due to a smaller default stack size. A work-around that sets the stack size for new threads has been added.
* **Windows firewall blocks local JSON API**: On some Windows systems the firewall likes to block 127.0.0.1:9993 for mysterious reasons. This is now fixed in the installer via the addition of another firewall exemption rule.
* **UI crash on embedded Windows due to missing fonts**: The MSI installer now ships fonts and will install them if they are not present, so this should be fixed.
* **Improved dead path detection**: ZeroTier is now more aggressive about expiring paths that do not seem to be active. If a path seems marginal it is re-confirmed before re-use.
* **Minor performance improvements**: We've reduced unnecessary memcpy's and made a few other performance improvements in the core.
* **Linux static binaries**: For our official packages (the ones in the download.zerotier.com apt and yum repositories) we now build Linux binaries with static linking. Hopefully this will stop all the bug reports relating to library inconsistencies, as well as allowing our deb packages to run on a wider variety of Debian-based distributions. (There are far too many of these to support officially!) The overhead for this is very small, especially since we built our static versions against musl-libc. Distribution maintainers are of course free to build dynamically linked versions for inclusion into distributions; this only affects our official binaries.
Merge branch 'master' of github.com:zerotier/ZeroTierOne
The largest new feature in 1.2.0, and the product of many months of work, is our advanced network rules engine. With this release we achieve traffic control, security monitoring, and micro-segmentation capability on par with many enterprise SDN solutions designed for use in advanced data centers and corporate networks.
Rules allow you to filter packets on your network and vector traffic to security observers. Security observation can be performed in-band using REDIRECT or out of band using TEE.
Tags and capabilites provide advanced methods for implementing fine grained permission structures and micro-segmentation schemes without bloating the size and complexity of your rules table.
See the [rules engine announcement blog post](https://www.zerotier.com/blog/?p=927) for an in-depth discussion of theory and implementation. The [manual](https://www.zerotier.com/manual.shtml) contains detailed information on rule, tag, and capability use, and the `rule-compiler/` subfolder of the ZeroTier source tree contains a JavaScript function to compile rules in our human-readable rule definition language into rules suitable for import into a network controller. (ZeroTier Central uses this same script to compile rules on [my.zerotier.com](https://my.zerotier.com/).)
It's now possible to create your own root servers and add them to the root server pool on your nodes. This is done by creating what's called a "moon," which is a signed enumeration of root servers and their stable points on the network. Refer to the [manual](https://www.zerotier.com/manual.shtml) for instructions.
Federated roots achieve a number of things:
* You can deploy your own infrastructure to reduce dependency on ours.
* You can deploy roots *inside your LAN* to ensure that network connectivity inside your facility still works if the Internet goes down. This is the first step toward making ZeroTier viable as an in-house SDN solution.
* Roots can be deployed inside national boundaries for countries with data residency laws or "great firewalls." (As of 1.2.0 there is still no way to force all traffic to use these roots, but that will be easy to do in a later version.)
* Last but not least this makes ZeroTier somewhat less centralized by eliminating any hard dependency on ZeroTier, Inc.'s infrastructure.
Our roots will of course remain and continue to provide zero-configuration instant-on deployment, a secure global authority for identities, and free traffic relaying for those who can't establish peer to peer connections.
An element of our design philosophy is "features are bugs." This isn't an absolute dogma but more of a guiding principle. We try as hard as we can to avoid adding features, especially "knobs" that must be tweaked by a user.
As of 1.2.0 we've decided that certain knobs are unavoidable, and so there is now a `local.conf` file that can be used to configure them. See the ZeroTier One documentation for these. They include:
* Blacklisting interfaces you want to make sure ZeroTier doesn't use for network traffic, such as VPNs, slow links, or backplanes designated for only certain kinds of traffic.
* Turning uPnP/NAT-PMP on or off.
* Configuring software updates on Windows and Mac platforms.
* Defining trusted paths (the old trusted paths file is now deprecated)
* Setting the ZeroTier main port so it doesn't have to be changed on the command line, which is very inconvenient in many cases.
A good software update system for Windows and Mac clients has been a missing feature in previous versions. It does exist but we've been shy about using it so far due to its fragility in some environments.
We've greatly improved this mechanism in 1.2.0. Not only does it now do a better job of actually invoking the update, but it also transfers updates in-band using the ZeroTier protocol. This means it can work in environments that do not allows http/https traffic or that force it through proxies. There's also now an update channel setting: `beta` or `release` (the default).
Software updates are authenticated three ways:
1. ZeroTier's own signing key is used to sign all updates and this signature is checked prior to installation. ZeroTier, Inc.'s signatures are performed on an air-gapped machine.
2. Updates for Mac and Windows are signed using Apple and Microsoft (DigiCert EV) keys and will not install unless these signatures are also valid.
3. The new in-band update mechanism also authenticates the source of the update via ZeroTier's built-in security features. This provides transport security, while 1 and 2 provide security of the update at rest.
Updates are now configurable via `local.conf`. There are three options: `disable`, `download`, and `apply`. The third (apply) is the default for official builds on Windows and Mac, making updates happen silently and automatically as they do for popular browsers like Chrome and Firefox. Updates are disabled by default on Linux and other Unix-type systems as these are typically updated through package managers.
Version 1.2.0 is now aware of the link quality of direct paths with other 1.2.0 nodes. This information isn't used yet but is visible through the JSON API. (Quality always shows as 100% with pre-1.2.0 nodes.) Quality is measured passively with no additional overhead using a counter based packet loss detection algorithm.
This information is visible from the command line via `listpeers`:
200 listpeers XXXXXXXXXX 199.XXX.XXX.XXX/9993;10574;15250;1.00 48 1.2.0 LEAF
200 listpeers XXXXXXXXXX 195.XXX.XXX.XXX/45584;467;7608;0.44 290 1.2.0 LEAF
The first peer's path is at 100% (1.00), while the second peer's path is suffering quite a bit of packet loss (0.44).
Link quality awareness is a precursor to intelligent multi-path and QoS support, which will in future versions bring us to feature parity with SD-WAN products like Cisco iWAN.
Version 1.2.0 adds anti-DOS (denial of service) rate limits and other hardening for improved resiliency against a number of denial of service attack scenarios.
It also adds a mechanism for instantaneous credential revocation. This can be used to revoke certificates of membership instantly to kick a node off a network (for private networks) and also to revoke capabilities and tags. The new controller sends revocations by default when a peer is de-authorized.
Revocations propagate using a "rumor mill" peer to peer algorithm. This means that a controller need only successfully send a revocation to at least one member of a network with connections to other active members. At this point the revocation will flood through the network peer to peer very quickly. This helps make revocations more robust in the face of poor connectivity with the controller or attempts to incapacitate the controller with denial of service attacks, as well as making revocations faster on huge networks.
The Mac has a whole new UI built natively in Objective-C. It provides a pulldown similar in appearance and operation to the Mac WiFi task bar menu.
The Windows UI has also been improved and now provides a task bar icon that can be right-clicked to manage networks. Both now expose managed route and IP permissions, allowing nodes to easily opt in to full tunnel operation if you have a router configured on your network.
A special kind of public network called an ad-hoc network may be accessed by joining a network ID with the format:
ffSSSSEEEE000000
| | | |
| | | Reserved for future use, must be 0
| | End of port range (hex)
| Start of port range (hex)
Reserved ZeroTier address prefix indicating a controller-less network
Ad-hoc networks are public (no access control) networks that have no network controller. Instead their configuration and other credentials are generated locally. Ad-hoc networks permit only IPv6 UDP and TCP unicast traffic (no multicast or broadcast) using 6plane format NDP-emulated IPv6 addresses. In addition an ad-hoc network ID encodes an IP port range. UDP packets and TCP SYN (connection open) packets are only allowed to desintation ports within the encoded range.
For example `ff00160016000000` is an ad-hoc network allowing only SSH, while `ff0000ffff000000` is an ad-hoc network allowing any UDP or TCP port.
Keep in mind that these networks are public and anyone in the entire world can join them. Care must be taken to avoid exposing vulnerable services or sharing unwanted files or other resources.
The network controller has been largely rewritten to use a simple in-filesystem JSON data store in place of SQLite, and it is now included by default in all Windows, Mac, Linux, and BSD builds. This means any desktop or server node running ZeroTier One can now be a controller with no recompilation needed.
If you have data in an old SQLite3 controller we've included a NodeJS script in `controller/migrate-sqlite` to migrate data to the new format. If you don't migrate, members will start getting `NOT_FOUND` when they attempt to query for updates.
* **The Windows HyperV 100% CPU bug is FINALLY DEAD**: This long-running problem turns out to have been an issue with Windows itself, but one we were triggering by placing invalid data into the Windows registry. Microsoft is aware of the issue but we've also fixed the triggering problem on our side. ZeroTier should now co-exist quite well with HyperV and should now be able to be bridged with a HyperV virtual switch.
* **Segmenation faults on musl-libc based Linux systems**: Alpine Linux and some embedded Linux systems that use musl libc (a minimal libc) experienced segmentation faults. These were due to a smaller default stack size. A work-around that sets the stack size for new threads has been added.
* **Windows firewall blocks local JSON API**: On some Windows systems the firewall likes to block 127.0.0.1:9993 for mysterious reasons. This is now fixed in the installer via the addition of another firewall exemption rule.
* **UI crash on embedded Windows due to missing fonts**: The MSI installer now ships fonts and will install them if they are not present, so this should be fixed.
* **Improved dead path detection**: ZeroTier is now more aggressive about expiring paths that do not seem to be active. If a path seems marginal it is re-confirmed before re-use.
* **Minor performance improvements**: We've reduced unnecessary memcpy's and made a few other performance improvements in the core.
* **Linux static binaries**: For our official packages (the ones in the download.zerotier.com apt and yum repositories) we now build Linux binaries with static linking. Hopefully this will stop all the bug reports relating to library inconsistencies, as well as allowing our deb packages to run on a wider variety of Debian-based distributions. (There are far too many of these to support officially!) The overhead for this is very small, especially since we built our static versions against musl-libc. Distribution maintainers are of course free to build dynamically linked versions for inclusion into distributions; this only affects our official binaries.
Move setting _initialized = true until after WindowsEthernetTap::threadMain() has actually created and brought up the adapter. Also in OneService::nodeVirtualNetworkConfigFunction(), wait up to 5 seconds for WindowsEthernatTap::isInitialized() to return true before attempting to configure the interface and managed routes. Without this, the adapter doesnt actually exist yet when trying to add routes
Also, dont add the prefix length to the IP addresses in there.
Appears to fix Github Issue #357. Still waiting on some info from Microsoft for confirmation of a few things.
WindowsEthernetTap was storing the MTU for the ZeroTier Adapter as a
DWORD. When changing the value from the network adapter settings UI, it
was stored as a string. Updated the call when creating the adapter to
store it as a string as windows expects.
- ZT will only drop root privileges if zerotier-one user exists. It is created by
Debian postinst script - in other cases the user has to be created by administrator.
- Linux >=4.3 with ambient capabilities is required, otherwise ZT will silently
- "-U" option now also disables privileges dropping
If there is something you'd like to have added to ZeroTier, to go to https://discuss.zerotier.com/c/feature-requests/ instead. Issues there can be voted on and discussed in-depth.
about:Game issues are better served by forum posts
title:Please go to our Discuss or Reddit for game-related issues. Thanks!
labels:wontfix
assignees:''
---
Are you having trouble connecting to a game on your virtual network after installing ZeroTier?
- [ ] Yes
- [ ] No
If you answered yes, then it is very likely that your question would be better answered on our [Community Forums](https://discuss.zerotier.com) or [Reddit](https://www.reddit.com/r/zerotier/) community; we monitor both regularly. We also have extensive documentation on our [Knowledge Base](https://zerotier.atlassian.net/wiki/spaces/SD/overview). Thank you!
# Authors and Third Party Code Licensing Information
## Primary Authors
* ZeroTier Core and ZeroTier One virtual networking service<br>
Adam Ierymenko / adam.ierymenko@zerotier.com
Joseph Henry / joseph.henry@zerotier.com (QoS and multipath)
* Java JNI Interface to enable Android application development, and Android app itself (code for that is elsewhere)<br>
Grant Limberg / glimberg@gmail.com
@@ -25,13 +28,13 @@
## Third-Party Code
These are included in ext/ for platforms that do not have them available incommon repositories. Otherwise they may be linked and the package may ship with them as dependencies.
ZeroTier includes the following third party code, either in ext/ or incorporated into the ZeroTier core. This third party code remains licensed under its original license and is not subject to ZeroTier's BSL license.
* LZ4 compression algorithm by Yann Collet
* Files: ext/lz4/*
* Files: node/Packet.cpp (bundled within anonymous namespace)
* Home page: http://code.google.com/p/lz4/
* License grant: BSD attribution
* License grant: BSD 2-clause
* http-parser by Joyent, Inc. (many authors)
@@ -39,42 +42,34 @@ These are included in ext/ for platforms that do not have them available in comm
* Home page: https://github.com/joyent/http-parser/
* License grant: MIT/Expat
*json-parser by James McLaughlin
*C++11 json (nlohmann/json) by Niels Lohmann
* Files: ext/json-parser/*
* Home page: https://github.com/udp/json-parser/
* License grant: BSD attribution
* TunTapOSX by Mattias Nissler
* Files: ext/tap-mac/tuntap/*
* Home page: http://tuntaposx.sourceforge.net/
* License grant: BSD attribution no-endorsement
* ZeroTier Modifications: change interface name to zt#, increase max MTU, increase max devices
* Files: ext/json/*
* Home page: https://github.com/nlohmann/json
* License grant: MIT
* tap-windows6 by the OpenVPN project
* Files: windows/TapDriver6/*
* Home page:
https://github.com/OpenVPN/tap-windows6/
* Home page: https://github.com/OpenVPN/tap-windows6/
* License grant: GNU GPL v2
* ZeroTier Modifications: change name of driver to ZeroTier, add ioctl() to get L2 multicast memberships (source is in ext/ and modifications inherit GPL)
The final .AIP file can only be edited on Windows with [Advanced Installer Enterprise](http://www.advancedinstaller.com/). In addition to incrementing the version be sure that a new product code is generated. (The "upgrade code" GUID on the other hand must never change.)
@@ -28,36 +28,6 @@ Mac's easy. Just type:
You will need [Packages](http://s.sudre.free.fr/Software/Packages/about.html) and our release signing key in the keychain.
## Linux
Mount the GPG key for *contact@zerotier.com* and then on an x86_64 box with a recent version of Docker and an Internet connection run:
make distclean
cd linux-build-farm
./build.sh
This will build i386 and x86_64 packages. Now ssh into our build Raspberry Pi and type `make debian` there to build the Raspbian armhf package. Copy it to `debian-jessie/` inside `linux-build-farm` so that it will be included in the repositories we generate. Now generate the YUM and APT repos:
rm -rf ~/.aptly*
rm -rf /tmp/zt-rpm-repo
./make-apt-repos.sh
./make-rpm-repos.sh
This will require the passphrase for *contact@zerotier.com*.
The contents of ~/.aptly/public must be published as `debian/` on `download.zerotier.com`. The contents of /tmp/zt-rpm-repo are published as `redhat/` on same.
## Windows
First load the Visual Studio solution and rebuild the UI and ZeroTier One in both x64 and i386 `Release` mode. Then load [Advanced Installer Enterprise](http://www.advancedinstaller.com/), check that the version is correct, and build. The build will fail if any build artifacts are missing, and Windows must have our product singing key (from DigiCert) available to sign the resulting MSI file. The MSI must then be tested on at least a few different CLEAN Windows VMs to ensure that the installer is valid and properly signed.
*After the MSI is published to download.zerotier.com in the proper RELEASE/#.#.#/dist subfolder for its version* the Chocolatey package must be rebuilt and published. Open a command prompt, change to `ext/installfiles/windows/chocolatey`, and type `choco pack`. Then use `choco push` to push it to Chocolatey (API key required).
Note that this does not cover rebuilding the drivers or their containing MSI projects, as this is typically not necessary and they are shipped in binary form in the repository for convenience.
## iOS, Android
... no docs here yet since this is done entirely out of band with regular installs.
ZeroTier is a software-based managed Ethernet switch for planet Earth.
ZeroTier is a smart programmable Ethernet switch for planet Earth. It allows all networked devices, VMs, containers, and applications to communicate as if they all reside in the same physical data center or cloud region.
It erases the LAN/WAN distinction and makes VPNs, tunnels, proxies, and other kludges arising from the inflexible nature of physical networks obsolete. Everything is encrypted end-to-end and traffic takes the most direct (peer to peer) path available.
This is accomplished by combining a cryptographically addressed and secure peer to peer network (termed VL1) with an Ethernet emulation layer somewhat similar to VXLAN (termed VL2). Our VL2 Ethernet virtualization layer includes advanced enterprise SDN features like fine grained access control rules for network micro-segmentation and security monitoring.
This repository contains ZeroTier One, a service that provides ZeroTier network connectivity to devices running Windows, Mac, Linux, iOS, Android, and FreeBSD and makes joining virtual networks as easy as joining IRC or Slack channels. It also contains the OS-independent core ZeroTier protocol implementation in [node/](node/).
All ZeroTier traffic is encrypted end-to-end using secret keys that only you control. Most traffic flows peer to peer, though we offer free (but slow) relaying for users who cannot establish peer to peer connections.
Visit [ZeroTier's site](https://www.zerotier.com/) for more information and [pre-built binary packages](https://www.zerotier.com/download.shtml). Apps for Android and iOS are available for free in the Google Play and Apple app stores.
The goals and design principles of ZeroTier are inspired by among other things the original [Google BeyondCorp](https://static.googleusercontent.com/media/research.google.com/en//pubs/archive/43231.pdf) paper and the [Jericho Forum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jericho_Forum) with its notion of "deperimeterization."
Visit [ZeroTier's site](https://www.zerotier.com/) for more information and [pre-built binary packages](https://www.zerotier.com/download/). Apps for Android and iOS are available for free in the Google Play and Apple app stores.
ZeroTier is licensed under the [BSL version 1.1](https://mariadb.com/bsl11/). See [LICENSE.txt](LICENSE.txt) and the [ZeroTier pricing page](https://www.zerotier.com/pricing) for details. ZeroTier is free to use internally in businesses and academic institutions and for non-commercial purposes. Certain types of commercial use such as building closed-source apps and devices based on ZeroTier or offering ZeroTier network controllers and network management as a SaaS service require a commercial license.
A small amount of third party code is also included in ZeroTier and is not subject to our BSL license. See [AUTHORS.md](AUTHORS.md) for a list of third party code, where it is included, and the licenses that apply to it. All of the third party code in ZeroTier is liberally licensed (MIT, BSD, Apache, public domain, etc.).
### Getting Started
ZeroTier's basic operation is easy to understand. Devices have 10-digit *ZeroTier addresses*like `89e92ceee5` and networks have 16-digit network IDs like `8056c2e21c000001`. All it takes for a device to join a network is its 16-digit ID, and all it takes for a network to authorize a device is its 10-digit address. Everything else is automatic.
Everything in the ZeroTier world is controlled by two types of identifier: 40-bit/10-digit *ZeroTier addresses*and 64-bit/16-digit *network IDs*. These identifiers are easily distinguished by their length. A ZeroTier address identifies a node or "device" (laptop, phone, server, VM, app, etc.) while a network ID identifies a virtual Ethernet network that can be joined by devices.
A "device" can be anything really: desktops, laptops, phones, servers, VMs/VPSes, containers, and even (soon) apps.
ZeroTier addresses can be thought of as port numbers on an enormous planet-wide enterprise Ethernet smart switch supporting VLANs. Network IDs are VLAN IDs to which these ports may be assigned. A single port can be assigned to more than one VLAN.
For testing we provide a public virtual network called *Earth* with network ID `8056c2e21c000001`. On Linux and Mac you can do this with:
A ZeroTier address looks like `8056c2e21c` and a network ID looks like `8056c2e21c000001`. Network IDs are composed of the ZeroTier address of that network's primary controller and an arbitrary 24-bit ID that identifies the network on this controller. Network controllers are roughly analogous to SDN controllers in SDN protocols like [OpenFlow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenFlow), though as with the analogy between VXLAN and VL2 this should not be read to imply that the protocols or design are the same. You can use our convenient and inexpensive SaaS hosted controllers at [my.zerotier.com](https://my.zerotier.com/) or [run your own controller](controller/) if you don't mind messing around with JSON configuration files or writing scripts to do so.
sudo zerotier-cli join 8056c2e21c000001
### Project Layout
Now wait about 30 seconds and check your system with `ip addr list` or `ifconfig`. You'll see a new interface whose name starts with *zt* and it should quickly get an IPv4 and an IPv6 address. Once you see it get an IP, try pinging `earth.zerotier.net` at `29.209.112.93`. If you've joined Earth from more than one system, try pinging your other machine.
The base path contains the ZeroTier One service main entry point (`one.cpp`), self test code, makefiles, etc.
*(IPv4 addresses for Earth are assigned from the block 28.0.0.0/7, which is not a part of the public Internet but is non-standard for private networks. It's used to avoid IP conflicts during testing. Your networks can run any IP addressing scheme you want.)*
-`artwork/`: icons, logos, etc.
-`attic/`: old stuff and experimental code that we want to keep around for reference.
-`controller/`: the reference network controller implementation, which is built and included by default on desktop and server build targets.
-`debian/`: files for building Debian packages on Linux.
-`doc/`: manual pages and other documentation.
-`ext/`: third party libraries, binaries that we ship for convenience on some platforms (Mac and Windows), and installation support files.
-`include/`: include files for the ZeroTier core.
-`java/`: a JNI wrapper used with our Android mobile app. (The whole Android app is not open source but may be made so in the future.)
-`macui/`: a Macintosh menu-bar app for controlling ZeroTier One, written in Objective C.
-`node/`: the ZeroTier virtual Ethernet switch core, which is designed to be entirely separate from the rest of the code and able to be built as a stand-alone OS-independent library. Note to developers: do not use C++11 features in here, since we want this to build on old embedded platforms that lack C++11 support. C++11 can be used elsewhere.
-`osdep/`: code to support and integrate with OSes, including platform-specific stuff only built for certain targets.
-`rule-compiler/`: JavaScript rules language compiler for defining network-level rules.
-`service/`: the ZeroTier One service, which wraps the ZeroTier core and provides VPN-like connectivity to virtual networks for desktops, laptops, servers, VMs, and containers.
-`windows/`: Visual Studio solution files, Windows service code, and the Windows task bar app UI.
If you don't want to belong to a giant Ethernet party line anymore, just type:
### Build and Platform Notes
sudo zerotier-cli leave 8056c2e21c000001
To build on Mac and Linux just type `make`. On FreeBSD and OpenBSD `gmake` (GNU make) is required and can be installed from packages or ports. For Windows there is a Visual Studio solution in `windows/`.
The *zt* interface will disappear. You're no longer on the network.
To create networks of your own you'll need a network controller. You can use [our hosted controller at my.zerotier.com](https://my.zerotier.com) which is free for up to 100 devices on an unlimited number of networks, or you can build your own controller and run it through its local JSON API. See [README.md in controller/](controller/) for more information.
### Building from Source
For Mac, Linux, and BSD, just type "make" (or "gmake" on BSD). You won't need much installed; here are the requirements for various platforms:
* **Mac**: Xcode command line tools. It should build on OSX 10.7 or newer.
* **Linux**: gcc/g++ (4.9 or newer recommended) or clang/clang++ (3.4 or newer recommended) Makefile will use clang by default if available. The Linux build will auto-detect the presence of development headers for *json-parser*, *http-parser*, *li8bnatpmp*, and *libminiupnpc* and will link against the system libraries for these if they are present and recent enough. Otherwise the bundled versions in [ext/](ext/) will be used. Type `make install` to install the binaries and other files on the system, though this will not create init.d or systemd links.
* **FreeBSD**: C++ compiler (G++ usually) and GNU make (gmake).
Each supported platform has its own *make-XXX.mk* file that contains the actual make rules for the platform. The right .mk file is included by the main Makefile based on the GNU make *OSTYPE* variable. Take a look at the .mk file for your platform for other targets, debug build rules, etc.
- **Mac**
- Xcode command line tools for OSX 10.8 or newer are required.
- **Linux**
- The minimum compiler versions required are GCC/G++ 4.9.3 or CLANG/CLANG++ 3.4.2. (Install `clang` on CentOS 7 as G++ is too old.)
- Linux makefiles automatically detect and prefer clang/clang++ if present as it produces smaller and slightly faster binaries in most cases. You can override by supplying CC and CXX variables on the make command line.
- **Windows**
- Windows 7 or newer is supported. This *may* work on Vista but isn't officially supported there. It will not work on Windows XP.
- We build with Visual Studio 2017. Older versions may not work. Clang or MinGW will also probably work but may require some makefile hacking.
- **FreeBSD**
- GNU make is required. Type `gmake` to build.
- **OpenBSD**
- There is a limit of four network memberships on OpenBSD as there are only four tap devices (`/dev/tap0` through `/dev/tap3`).
- GNU make is required. Type `gmake` to build.
Typing `make selftest` will build a *zerotier-selftest* binary which unit tests various internals and reports on a few aspects of the build environment. It's a good idea to try this on novel platforms or architectures.
Windows, of course, is special. We build for Windows with Microsoft Visual Studio 2012 on Windows 7. A solution file is located in the *windows/* subfolder. Newer versions of Visual Studio (and Windows) may work but haven't been tested. Older versions almost certainly will not, since they lack things like *stdint.h* and certain STL features. MinGW or other ports of gcc/clang to Windows should also work but haven't been tested.
32 and 64 bit X86 and ARM (e.g. Raspberry Pi, Android) are officially supported. Community members have built for MIPS and Sparc without issues.
### Running
Running *zerotier-one* with -h will show help.
Running *zerotier-one* with `-h` option will show help.
On Linux and BSD you can start the service with:
@@ -57,12 +72,12 @@ On Linux and BSD you can start the service with:
A home folder for your system will automatically be created.
The service is controlled via the JSON API, which by default is available at 127.0.0.1 port 9993. We include a *zerotier-cli* command line utility to make API calls for standard things like joining and leaving networks. The *authtoken.secret* file in the home folder contains the secret token for accessing this API. See README.md in [service/](service/) for API documentation.
The service is controlled via the JSON API, which by default is available at 127.0.0.1 port 9993. We include a *zerotier-cli* command line utility to make API calls for standard things like joining and leaving networks. The *authtoken.secret* file in the home folder contains the secret token for accessing this API. See [service/README.md](service/README.md) for API documentation.
Here's where home folders live (by default) on each OS:
* **Windows**: `\ProgramData\ZeroTier\One` (That's for Windows 7. The base 'shared app data' folder might be different on different Windows versions.)
@@ -72,7 +87,7 @@ Running ZeroTier One on a Mac is the same, but OSX requires a kernel extension.
This will create the home folder for Mac, place *tap.kext* there, and set its modes correctly to enable ZeroTier One to manage it with *kextload* and *kextunload*.
### Troubleshooting
### Basic Troubleshooting
For most users, it just works.
@@ -88,14 +103,6 @@ ZeroTier One peers will automatically locate each other and communicate directly
Users behind certain types of firewalls and "symmetric" NAT devices may not able able to connect to external peers directly at all. ZeroTier has limited support for port prediction and will *attempt* to traverse symmetric NATs, but this doesn't always work. If P2P connectivity fails you'll be bouncing UDP packets off our relay servers resulting in slower performance. Some NAT router(s) have a configurable NAT mode, and setting this to "full cone" will eliminate this problem. If you do this you may also see a magical improvement for things like VoIP phones, Skype, BitTorrent, WebRTC, certain games, etc., since all of these use NAT traversal techniques similar to ours.
If you're interested, there's a [technical deep dive about NAT traversal on our blog](https://www.zerotier.com/blog/?p=226). A troubleshooting tool to help you diagnose NAT issues is planned for the future as are uPnP/IGD/NAT-PMP and IPv6 transport.
If a firewall between you and the Internet blocks ZeroTier's UDP traffic, you will fall back to last-resort TCP tunneling to rootservers over port 443 (https impersonation). This will work almost anywhere but is *very slow* compared to UDP or direct peer to peer connectivity.
### Contributing
Please make pull requests against the `dev` branch. The `master` branch is release, and `edge` is for unstable and work in progress changes and is not likely to work.
### License
The ZeroTier source code is open source and is licensed under the GNU GPL v3 (not LGPL). If you'd like to embed it in a closed-source commercial product or appliance, please e-mail [contact@zerotier.com](mailto:contact@zerotier.com) to discuss commercial licensing. Otherwise it can be used for free.
Additional help can be found in our [knowledge base](https://zerotier.atlassian.net/wiki/spaces/SD/overview).
* Fix a bug in potential network path filtering that could in some circumstances lead to "software laser" effects.
* Fix a printf overflow in zerotier-cli (not exploitable or a security risk)
* Windows now looks up the name of ZeroTier devices instead of relying on them having "ZeroTier" in them.
# 2021-02-15 -- Version 1.6.4
* The groundhog saw his shadow, which meant that the "connection coma" bug still wasn't gone. We think we found it this time.
# 2021-02-02 -- Version 1.6.3
* Likely fix for GitHub issue #1334, an issue that could cause ZeroTier to
go into a "coma" on some networks.
* Also groundhog day
# 2020-11-30 -- Version 1.6.2
* Fix an ARM hardware AES crypto issue (not an exploitable vulnerability).
* Fix a Linux network leave hang due to a mutex deadlock.
# 2020-11-24 -- Version 1.6.1
This release fixes some minor bugs and other issues in 1.6.0.
* Fixed a bug that caused IP addresses in the 203.0.0.0/8 block to be miscategorized as not being in global scope.
* Changed Linux builds to (hopefully) fix LXC and SELinux issues.
* Fixed unaligned memory access that caused crash on FreeBSD systems on the ARM architecture.
* Merged CLI options for controlling bonded devices into the beta multipath code.
* Updated Windows driver with Microsoft cross-signing to fix issues on some Windows systems.
# 2020-11-19 -- Version 1.6.0
Version 1.6.0 is a major release that incorporates back-ported features from the 2.0 branch, which is still under development. It also fixes a number of issues.
New features and improvements (including those listed under 1.5.0):
* **Apple Silicon** (MacOS ARM64) native support via universal binary. ZeroTier now requires the very latest Xcode to build.
* **Linux performance improvements** for up to 25% faster tun/tap I/O performance on multi-core systems.
* **Multipath support** with modes modeled after the Linux kernel's bonding driver. This includes active-passive and active-active modes with fast failover and load balancing. See section 2.1.5 of the manual.
* **DNS configuration** push from network controllers to end nodes, with locally configurable permissions for whether or not push is allowed.
* **AES-GMAC-SIV** encryption mode, which is both somewhat more secure and significantly faster than the old Salsa20/12-Poly1305 mode on hardware that supports AES acceleration. This includes virtually all X86-64 chips and most ARM64. This mode is based on AES-SIV and has been audited by Trail of Bits to ensure that it is equivalent security-wise.
Bug fixes:
* **Managed route assignment fixes** to eliminate missing routes on Linux and what we believe to be the source of sporadic high CPU usage on MacOS.
* **Hang on shutdown** issues should be fixed.
* **Sporadic multicast outages** should be fixed.
Known remaining issues:
* AES hardware acceleration is not yet supported on 32-bit ARM, PowerPC (32 or 64), or MIPS (32 or 64) systems. Currently supported are X86-64 and ARM64/AARCH64 with crypto extensions.
# 2020-10-05 -- Version 1.5.0 (actually 1.6.0-beta1)
Version 1.6.0 (1.5.0 is a beta!) is a significant release that incorporates a number of back-ported fixes and features from the ZeroTier 2.0 tree.
Major new features are:
* **Multipath support** with modes modeled after the Linux kernel's bonding driver. This includes active-passive and active-active modes with fast failover and load balancing. See section 2.1.5 of the manual.
* **DNS configuration** push from network controllers to end nodes, with locally configurable permissions for whether or not push is allowed.
* **AES-GMAC-SIV** encryption mode, which is both somewhat more secure and significantly faster than the old Salsa20/12-Poly1305 mode on hardware that supports AES acceleration. This includes virtually all X86-64 chips and most ARM64. This mode is based on AES-SIV and has been audited by Trail of Bits to ensure that it is equivalent security-wise.
Known issues that are not yet fixed in this beta:
* Some Mac users have reported periods of 100% CPU in kernel_task and connection instability after leaving networks that have been joined for a period of time, or needing to kill ZeroTier and restart it to finish leaving a network. This doesn't appear to affect all users and we haven't diagnosed the root cause yet.
* The service sometimes hangs on shutdown requiring a kill -9. This also does not affect all systems or users.
* AES hardware acceleration is not yet supported on 32-bit ARM, PowerPC (32 or 64), or MIPS (32 or 64) systems. Currently supported are X86-64 and ARM64/AARCH64 with crypto extensions.
* Some users have reported multicast/broadcast outages on networks lasting up to 30 seconds. Still investigating.
We're trying to fix all these issues before the 1.6.0 release. Stay tuned.
# 2019-08-30 -- Version 1.4.6
* Update default root list to latest
* ARM32 platform build and flag fixes
* Add a clarification line to LICENSE.txt
* Fix license message in CLI
* Windows service now looks for service command line arguments
* Fixed a bug that could cause excessive queued multicasts
# 2019-08-23 -- Version 1.4.4
* Change license from GPL3 to BSL 1.1, see LICENSE.txt
* Fix an issue with the "ipauth" rule and auto-generated unforgeable IPv6 addresses
* Fix socket/bind errors setting IPs and routes on Linux
# 2019-08-12 -- Version 1.4.2
* Fix high CPU use bug on some platforms
* Fix issues with PostgreSQL controller DB (only affects Central)
* Restore backward compatibility with MacOS versions prior to 10.13
# 2019-07-29 -- Version 1.4.0
### Major Changes
* Mac version no longer requires a kernel extension, instead making use of the [feth interfaces](https://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/337715/fake-ethernet-interfaces-feth-if-fake-anyone-ever-seen-this).
* Added support for concurrent multipath (multiple paths at once) with traffic weighting by link quality and faster recovery from lost links.
* Added under-the-hood support for QoS (not yet exposed) that will eventually be configurable via our rules engine.
### Minor Changes and Bug Fixes
* Experimental controller DB driver for [LF](https://github.com/zerotier/lf) to store network controller data (LFDB.cpp / LFDB.hpp).
* Modified credential push and direct path push timings and algorithms to somewhat reduce "chattiness" of the protocol when idle. More radical background overhead reductions will have to wait for the 2.x line.
* Removed our beta/half-baked integration of Central with the Windows UI. We're going to do a whole new UI of some kind in the future at least for Windows and Mac.
* Fixed stack overflow issues on Linux versions using musl libc.
* Fixed some alignment problems reported on ARM and ARM64, but some reports we could not reproduce so please report any issues with exact chip, OS/distro, and ZeroTier version in use.
* Fixed numerous other small issues and bugs such as ARM alignment issues causing crashes on some devices.
* Windows now sets the adapter name such that it is consistent in both the Windows UI and command line utilities.
# 2018-07-27 -- Version 1.2.12
* Fixed a bug that caused exits to take a long time on Mac due to huge numbers of redundant attempts to delete managed routes.
* Fixed a socket limit problem on Windows that caused the ZeroTier service to run out of sockets, causing the UI and CLI to be unable to access the API.
* Fixed a threading bug in the ZeroTier Core, albeit one that never manifested on the regular ZeroTier One service/client.
* Fixed a bug that could cause the service to crash if an authorized local client accessed an invalid URL via the control API. (Not exploitable since you needed admin access anyway.)
# 2018-05-08 -- Version 1.2.10
* Fix bug loading `moons.d/` files for federated root operation.
* Fix compile problem with ZT_DEBUG on some versions of `clang`
* Fix slow network startup bug related to loading of `networks.d/` cache files
# 2018-04-27 -- Version 1.2.8
* Linux version once again builds with PIE (position independent executable) flags
* Fixed bug in zerotier-idtool file sign and verify
* Fixed minor OSX app typo
* Merged alpha NetBSD support (mostly untested, so YMMV)
* Merged several minor typo and one-liner bug fixes
# 2018-04-17 -- Version 1.2.6
* Features and Core Improvements
* Path selection has been overhauled to improve path stability, simplify code, and prepare for multi-path and trunking in the next major release.
* This version introduces remote tracing for remote diagnostics. Network controllers can set a node (usually the controller itself) to receive remote tracing events from all members of the network or from select members. Events are only sent if they pertain to a given network for security reasons.
* Multicast replication can now be done by designated multicast replicators on a network (flagged as such at the controller) rather than by the sender. Most users won't want this, but it's useful for specialized use cases on hub-and-spoke networks and for low-power devices.
* Cryptographic performance improvements on several platforms.
* Multithreaded performance improvements throughout the code base, including the use of an inline lightweight spinlock for low-contention resources.
* Bugs fixed
* Disappearing routes on Mac (GitHub issue #600)
* Route flapping and path instability in some dual-stack V4/V6 networks
* Blacklist (in local.conf) doesn't work reliably (GitHub issue #656)
* Connection instabilities due to unsigned integer overflows in timing comparisons (use int64_t instead of uint64_t)
* Binaries don't run on some older or lower-end 32-bit ARM chips (build problem)
* ARM NEON crypto code crashes (build problem)
* Fixed some lock ordering issues revealed by "valgrind" tool
* The "zerotier-idtool" command could not be accessed from "zerotier-one" via command line switch
* Leaking sockets on some platforms when uPnP/NAT-PMP is enabled
* Fixed two very rare multithreading issues that were only observed on certain systems
* Platform-Specific Changes
* MacOS
* Installer now loads the kernel extension right away so that High Sierra users will see the prompt to authorize it. This is done in the "Security & Privacy" preference pane and must be done directly on the console (not via remote desktop). On High Sierra and newer kexts must be authorized at the console via security settings system preferences pane.
* Windows
* The Windows installer should now install the driver without requiring a special prompt in most cases. This should make it easier for our packages to be accepted into and updated in the Chocolatey repository and should make it easier to perform remote installs across groups of machines using IT management and provisioning tools.
* The Windows official packages are now signed with an EV certificate (with hardware key).
* The Windows UI can now log into ZeroTier Central and join networks via the Central API.
* The `zerotier-idtool` command should now work on Windows without ugly hacks.
* Upgraded the installer version.
* Made a few changes to hopefully fix sporadic "will not uninstall" problems, though we cannot duplicate these issues ourselves.
* Linux
* Device names are now generated deterministically based on network IDs for all newly joined networks.
* Android
* Multicast now works on Android in most cases! Android apps can send and receive multicast and subscribe to multicast group IPs. Note that in some cases the app must bind to the specific correct interface for this to work.
* IPv6 can be disabled in UI for cases where it causes problems.
# 2017-04-20 -- Version 1.2.4
* Managed routes are now only bifurcated for the default route. This is a change in behavior, though few people will probably notice. Bifurcating all managed routes was causing more trouble than it was worth for most users.
* Up to 2X crypto speedup on x86-64 (except Windows, which will take some porting) and 32-bit ARM platforms due to integration of fast assembly language implementations of Salsa20/12 from the [supercop](http://bench.cr.yp.to/supercop.html) code base. These were written by Daniel J. Bernstein and are in the public domain. My Macbook Pro (Core i5 2.8ghz) now does almost 1.5GiB/sec Salsa20/12 per core and a Raspberry Pi got a 2X boost. 64-bit ARM support and Windows support will take some work but should not be too hard.
* Refactored code that manages credentials to greatly reduce memory use in most cases. This may also result in a small performance improvement.
* Reworked and simplified path selection and priority logic to fix path instability and dead path persistence edge cases. There have been some sporadic reports of persistent path instabilities and dead paths hanging around that take minutes to resolve. These have proven difficult to reproduce in house, but hopefully this will fix them. In any case it seems to speed up path establishment in our tests and it makes the code simpler and more readable.
* Eliminated some unused cruft from the code around path management and in the peer class.
* Fixed an issue causing build problems on some MIPS architecture systems.
* Fixed Windows forgetting routes on sleep/wake or in some other circumstances. (GitHub issue #465)
# 2017-03-17 -- Version 1.2.2
* A bug causing unreliable multicast propagation (GitHub issue #461).
* A crash in ARM binaries due to a build chain and flags problem.
* A bug in the network controller preventing members from being listed (GitHub issue #460).
# 2017-03-14 -- Version 1.2.0
Version 1.2.0 is a major milestone release representing almost nine months of work. It includes our rules engine for distributed network packet filtering and security monitoring, federated roots, and many other architectural and UI improvements and bug fixes.
## New Features in 1.2.0
### The ZeroTier Rules Engine
The largest new feature in 1.2.0, and the product of many months of work, is our advanced network rules engine. With this release we achieve traffic control, security monitoring, and micro-segmentation capability on par with many enterprise SDN solutions designed for use in advanced data centers and corporate networks.
Rules allow you to filter packets on your network and vector traffic to security observers. Security observation can be performed in-band using REDIRECT or out of band using TEE.
Tags and capabilities provide advanced methods for implementing fine grained permission structures and micro-segmentation schemes without bloating the size and complexity of your rules table.
See the [rules engine announcement blog post](https://www.zerotier.com/blog/?p=927) for an in-depth discussion of theory and implementation. The [manual](https://www.zerotier.com/manual.shtml) contains detailed information on rule, tag, and capability use, and the `rule-compiler/` subfolder of the ZeroTier source tree contains a JavaScript function to compile rules in our human-readable rule definition language into rules suitable for import into a network controller. (ZeroTier Central uses this same script to compile rules on [my.zerotier.com](https://my.zerotier.com/).)
### Root Server Federation
It's now possible to create your own root servers and add them to the root server pool on your nodes. This is done by creating what's called a "moon," which is a signed enumeration of root servers and their stable points on the network. Refer to the [manual](https://www.zerotier.com/manual.shtml) for instructions.
Federated roots achieve a number of things:
* You can deploy your own infrastructure to reduce dependency on ours.
* You can deploy roots *inside your LAN* to ensure that network connectivity inside your facility still works if the Internet goes down. This is the first step toward making ZeroTier viable as an in-house SDN solution.
* Roots can be deployed inside national boundaries for countries with data residency laws or "great firewalls." (As of 1.2.0 there is still no way to force all traffic to use these roots, but that will be easy to do in a later version.)
* Last but not least this makes ZeroTier somewhat less centralized by eliminating any hard dependency on ZeroTier, Inc.'s infrastructure.
Our roots will of course remain and continue to provide zero-configuration instant-on deployment, a secure global authority for identities, and free traffic relaying for those who can't establish peer to peer connections.
### Local Configuration
An element of our design philosophy is "features are bugs." This isn't an absolute dogma but more of a guiding principle. We try as hard as we can to avoid adding features, especially "knobs" that must be tweaked by a user.
As of 1.2.0 we've decided that certain knobs are unavoidable, and so there is now a `local.conf` file that can be used to configure them. See the ZeroTier One documentation for these. They include:
* Blacklisting interfaces you want to make sure ZeroTier doesn't use for network traffic, such as VPNs, slow links, or backplanes designated for only certain kinds of traffic.
* Turning uPnP/NAT-PMP on or off.
* Configuring software updates on Windows and Mac platforms.
* Defining trusted paths (the old trusted paths file is now deprecated)
* Setting the ZeroTier main port so it doesn't have to be changed on the command line, which is very inconvenient in many cases.
### Improved In-Band Software Updates
A good software update system for Windows and Mac clients has been a missing feature in previous versions. It does exist but we've been shy about using it so far due to its fragility in some environments.
We've greatly improved this mechanism in 1.2.0. Not only does it now do a better job of actually invoking the update, but it also transfers updates in-band using the ZeroTier protocol. This means it can work in environments that do not allows http/https traffic or that force it through proxies. There's also now an update channel setting: `beta` or `release` (the default).
Software updates are authenticated three ways:
1. ZeroTier's own signing key is used to sign all updates and this signature is checked prior to installation. ZeroTier, Inc.'s signatures are performed on an air-gapped machine.
2. Updates for Mac and Windows are signed using Apple and Microsoft (DigiCert EV) keys and will not install unless these signatures are also valid.
3. The new in-band update mechanism also authenticates the source of the update via ZeroTier's built-in security features. This provides transport security, while 1 and 2 provide security of the update at rest.
Updates are now configurable via `local.conf`. There are three options: `disable`, `download`, and `apply`. The third (apply) is the default for official builds on Windows and Mac, making updates happen silently and automatically as they do for popular browsers like Chrome and Firefox. Updates are disabled by default on Linux and other Unix-type systems as these are typically updated through package managers.
### Path Link Quality Awareness
Version 1.2.0 is now aware of the link quality of direct paths with other 1.2.0 nodes. This information isn't used yet but is visible through the JSON API. (Quality always shows as 100% with pre-1.2.0 nodes.) Quality is measured passively with no additional overhead using a counter based packet loss detection algorithm.
This information is visible from the command line via `listpeers`:
The first peer's path is at 100% (1.00), while the second peer's path is suffering quite a bit of packet loss (0.44).
Link quality awareness is a precursor to intelligent multi-path and QoS support, which will in future versions bring us to feature parity with SD-WAN products like Cisco iWAN.
### Security Improvements
Version 1.2.0 adds anti-DOS (denial of service) rate limits and other hardening for improved resiliency against a number of denial of service attack scenarios.
It also adds a mechanism for instantaneous credential revocation. This can be used to revoke certificates of membership instantly to kick a node off a network (for private networks) and also to revoke capabilities and tags. The new controller sends revocations by default when a peer is de-authorized.
Revocations propagate using a "rumor mill" peer to peer algorithm. This means that a controller need only successfully send a revocation to at least one member of a network with connections to other active members. At this point the revocation will flood through the network peer to peer very quickly. This helps make revocations more robust in the face of poor connectivity with the controller or attempts to incapacitate the controller with denial of service attacks, as well as making revocations faster on huge networks.
### Windows and Macintosh UI Improvements (ZeroTier One)
The Mac has a whole new UI built natively in Objective-C. It provides a pulldown similar in appearance and operation to the Mac WiFi task bar menu.
The Windows UI has also been improved and now provides a task bar icon that can be right-clicked to manage networks. Both now expose managed route and IP permissions, allowing nodes to easily opt in to full tunnel operation if you have a router configured on your network.
### Ad-Hoc Networks
A special kind of public network called an ad-hoc network may be accessed by joining a network ID with the format:
ffSSSSEEEE000000
| | | |
| | | Reserved for future use, must be 0
| | End of port range (hex)
| Start of port range (hex)
Reserved ZeroTier address prefix indicating a controller-less network
Ad-hoc networks are public (no access control) networks that have no network controller. Instead their configuration and other credentials are generated locally. Ad-hoc networks permit only IPv6 UDP and TCP unicast traffic (no multicast or broadcast) using 6plane format NDP-emulated IPv6 addresses. In addition an ad-hoc network ID encodes an IP port range. UDP packets and TCP SYN (connection open) packets are only allowed to destination ports within the encoded range.
For example `ff00160016000000` is an ad-hoc network allowing only SSH, while `ff0000ffff000000` is an ad-hoc network allowing any UDP or TCP port.
Keep in mind that these networks are public and anyone in the entire world can join them. Care must be taken to avoid exposing vulnerable services or sharing unwanted files or other resources.
### Network Controller (Partial) Rewrite
The network controller has been largely rewritten to use a simple in-filesystem JSON data store in place of SQLite, and it is now included by default in all Windows, Mac, Linux, and BSD builds. This means any desktop or server node running ZeroTier One can now be a controller with no recompilation needed.
If you have data in an old SQLite3 controller we've included a NodeJS script in `controller/migrate-sqlite` to migrate data to the new format. If you don't migrate, members will start getting `NOT_FOUND` when they attempt to query for updates.
## Major Bug Fixes in 1.2.0
* **The Windows HyperV 100% CPU bug is FINALLY DEAD**: This long-running problem turns out to have been an issue with Windows itself, but one we were triggering by placing invalid data into the Windows registry. Microsoft is aware of the issue but we've also fixed the triggering problem on our side. ZeroTier should now co-exist quite well with HyperV and should now be able to be bridged with a HyperV virtual switch.
* **Segmentation faults on musl-libc based Linux systems**: Alpine Linux and some embedded Linux systems that use musl libc (a minimal libc) experienced segmentation faults. These were due to a smaller default stack size. A work-around that sets the stack size for new threads has been added.
* **Windows firewall blocks local JSON API**: On some Windows systems the firewall likes to block 127.0.0.1:9993 for mysterious reasons. This is now fixed in the installer via the addition of another firewall exemption rule.
* **UI crash on embedded Windows due to missing fonts**: The MSI installer now ships fonts and will install them if they are not present, so this should be fixed.
## Other Improvements in 1.2.0
* **Improved dead path detection**: ZeroTier is now more aggressive about expiring paths that do not seem to be active. If a path seems marginal it is re-confirmed before re-use.
* **Minor performance improvements**: We've reduced unnecessary memcpy's and made a few other performance improvements in the core.
* **Linux static binaries**: For our official packages (the ones in the download.zerotier.com apt and yum repositories) we now build Linux binaries with static linking. Hopefully this will stop all the bug reports relating to library inconsistencies, as well as allowing our deb packages to run on a wider variety of Debian-based distributions. (There are far too many of these to support officially!) The overhead for this is very small, especially since we built our static versions against musl-libc. Distribution maintainers are of course free to build dynamically linked versions for inclusion into distributions; this only affects our official binaries.
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