Version 1.0.5 is a very minor release. It includes a new build of the Windows
device driver that supports Windows Vista and 2008 Server, and a fix to prevent
an issue that could occur when updating Linux installations from old pre-1.0.3
versions to 1.0.3 or 1.0.4.
It also includes a few very minor fixes and improvements to the controller code,
which doesn't affect most users.
This second commit just bumps version.h. :)
Version 1.0.5 is a very minor release. It includes a new build of the Windows
device driver that supports Windows Vista and 2008 Server, and a fix to prevent
an issue that could occur when updating Linux installations from old pre-1.0.3
versions to 1.0.3 or 1.0.4.
It also includes a few very minor fixes and improvements to the controller code,
which doesn't affect most users.
ZeroTier One version 1.0.4 brings several improvements to stability,
connectivity between hosts on the same LAN, and NAT traversal.
Direct connectivity improvements:
- ZeroTier One now opens port mappings using uPnP and/or NAT-PMP
if they are available on your network. These are then made
available to other (1.0.4 or newer) nodes. This should greatly
improve direct connectivity success rates for users on networks
that support port mapping. To build with this option, you must
include ZT_USE_MINIUPNPC=1 on the make path. Pre-build binaries
are included for many common architectures to make this easier.
- A new message has been introduced whereby nodes can "push" IP
address suggestions to other nodes. This is only done to nodes
with whom you have a trust relationship, which right now means
they are members of a network you've joined. The IP addresses
sent include local interface addresses and possibly uPnP mappings
if any are available. When nodes receive pushed IPs, they can
attempt connectivity at these addresses. This greatly improves
connectivity on local LANs, since the old broadcast mechanism
proved too unreliable under many real world scenarios.
- IPv6 addresses are also "pushed" via the aforementioned message,
allowing direct connectivity over IPv6 if both hosts have an
IPv6 address.
- Some of the aggressive port-scanning NAT-t behavior has been
removed, since this occasionally triggered intrusion alarms on
some networks and proved ineffective in the field. uPnP will be
a much bigger win, and is less "hacky."
- The rate of (tiny) UDP keepalive packet generation was slightly
increased. We were as surprised as you to learn that there are
many NAT routers in the wild with timeouts as short as 20 seconds
even though the RFC stipulates that they should be no shorter
than two minutes (120 seconds).
All of these connectivity improvements rely upon a new message
introduced with 1.0.4, so they'll only work between 1.0.4 nodes.
Older methods of connectivity establishment will continue to work
with earlier versions.
Platform-specific improvements:
- Many improvements have been made to Windows support and stability.
The NDIS6 driver is now used exclusively. If you have ports that
use NDIS5, these will automatically be re-created using the NDIS6
driver. You may see a "select this network's type" notification
after 1.0.4 upgrade for this reason.
- The dependency on the external "devcon.exe" binary on Windows has
been completely removed in favor of internal direct calls to the
Windows setup API to add and remove network ports. These are done
via dynamically loaded instances of the system setup DLLs to use
the most recent setup API code on your system for improved
compatibility.
- This version is tested with Windows 10 release, and was confirmed
to work on a clean install.
- The ARM32/Raspbian build is now back to using Debian Wheezy for
library backward compatibility (binary build only).
- The Mac icon is now a bit smaller to look better in the dock.
- The ui/ subfolder is now distributed with the Linux binary installer
and packages. This means Linux users can navigate to the UI at
http://127.0.0.1:9993/ and enter their authtoken.secret to use
the GUI locally. (This port could also be accessed via SSH port
forwarding or other mechanisms to administrate graphically from a
remote system.)
Other improvements:
- The new beta SQLite-backed controller microservice found in
controller/ and built with the ZT_ENABLE_NETWORK_CONTROLLER=1 make
option is now in a much more "working" state. Feel free to give
it a try! If you tried it before, delete controller.db before
starting the new version.
- A few tweaks were made to the path selection logic in the hope of
eliminating some flaky network behavior reported by users.
The next version of ZeroTier One will focus on performance and memory
footprint reduction, and may also include perfect forward security/secrecy
(a.k.a. PFS) once our design is finalized and reviewed.
(2) Go back to timestamp as certificate revision number. This is simpler
and more robust than using the network revision number for this and
forcing network revision fast-forward, which could cause some peers
to fall off the horizon when you don't want them to.
and go ahead and bump version to 1.0.4.
For a while in 1.0.3 -dev I was trying to optimize out repeated network controller
requests by using a ratcheting mechanism. If the client received a network config
that was indeed different from the one it had, it would respond by instantlly
requesting it again.
Not sure what I was thinking. It's fundamentally unsafe to respond to a message
with another message of the same type -- it risks a race condition. In this case
that's exactly what could happen.
It just isn't worth the added complexity to avoid a tiny, tiny amount of network
overhead, so I've taken this whole path out.
A few extra bytes every two minutes isn't worth fretting about, but as I recall
the reason for this optimization was to save CPU on the controller. This can be
achieved by just caching responses in memory *there* and serving those same
responses back out if they haven't changed.
I think I developed that 'ratcheting' stuff before I went full time on this. It's
hard to develop stuff like this without hours of sustained focus.
_networks is usually quite small, using binary search on a vector might be faster comapred to std::map.
This is especially true when using uClibc++, which uses a list.
Multiple statements in a sqlite3_prepare_v2 is not usable. Only
the first statement will be executed.
Since the schema now uses 'ON DELETE CASCADE', there's only
one statement needed.
If multiple statements are needed, there should be either multiple
sqlite3_prepare_v2 calls be used or the sqlite3_exec function.
The foreign keys have 'ON DELETE CASCADE' to simplify the removal
of networks etc. (controller code)
Some unique constraints are replaced with a multi column primary
key.
To update an existing database:
* install updated binaries
* stop service
* sqlite3 controller.db .dump | \
egrep '((^PRAGMA)|(^BEGIN)|(^INSERT)|(^COMMIT))' | \
grep -v 'schemaVersion' > data.sql
* mv controller.db controller.db.backup
* start service
* stop service
* sqlite3 controller.db < data.sql
* start service
After many months of intense development, ZeroTier is proud to release version
1.0.3 of ZeroTier One.
This version focuses on under-the-hood and network level improvements to
prepare the way for more user-facing improvements in the months to come, as
well as new products built around the ZeroTier core.
1.0.3 contains a large number of changes, so we're not going to push it out
via our auto-update mechanism yet. We're going to update the download links
on the web site and let users try it out for a while first. If problems are
found, we'll do a 1.0.4 before we push it out to existing installations.
--
Important note for Linux users: we've decided to stop pushing auto-updates for
Linux, and this version's official Linux binaries are built without update
checking enabled. Linux is used mostly on servers, and based on user feedback
we've found that most users don't like anything auto-updating outside of the
normal package management channels. Instead, we'll be working over the next
few months to get ZeroTier One included in a number of upstream Linux
distributions. That way you'll be able to 'apt-get' or 'yum' install it and
stay up to date that way. Auto-updates will remain for Macintosh and Windows
users until/unless we can move to 'app store' deployment on those platforms.
--
Now for the change list. It's a big one!
NEW FEATURES and IMPROVEMENTS
* Client support is in place for preferred relays on a per-network basis.
This allows you to define statically assigned nodes that act as relays for
indirect communication and connection setup for communication between peers
on a given virtual network. If defined, they'll be used in preference to
supernodes for this purpose. If they're offline, ZeroTier will fall back to
global supernodes. This will require support on the web control panel for
most users to use.
* This version sends NAT "keepalive" packets every 20 seconds, which is
similar to the behavior of most SIP phones. This should improve reliability
behind NATs with short timeouts and certain cheap consumer NAT devices.
* Improvements have been made to NAT traversal to traverse more symmetric
NAT configurations, and to rate limit traversal attempts to avoid looking
like a port scan.
* New direct paths are now confirmed prior to use. This should improve
reliability in cases where a NAT traversal attempt "half succeeds" by
preventing the use of direct links that aren't actually usable.
* A new geo-located TCP tunneling fallback implementation should improve
performance for heavily firewalled users who can't use UDP.
* ZeroTier now uses remotely reported accounts of your external IP address
to detect changes in your network connectivity instead of relying on
"fingerprinting" of the OS-level local network environment. This should
improve reliability in cases where external routers have dynamic IPs or
when changing between networks with different external IPs but similar
internal addressing schemes. This should also improve reliability for
use within virtual machines, since the external link address might change
but the VM's link addresses will not.
* We've eliminated the old Unix domain socket (or named pipe on Windows)
control bus in favor of a local HTTP JSON API. It runs on 127.0.0.1
port 9993 and can be accessed via standard HTTP. This improves
interoperability with scripts and other tools and allows us to use
HTML5 for the desktop UI component. See README.md in the service/
subfolder of the source tree for JSON API documentation.
* The old Qt GUI has been dropped in favor of a React-based HTML5 UI. The
code for this is found in ui/, and if ui/ is present in the ZeroTier
home folder the JSON API HTTP server will serve it on 127.0.0.1/9993.
The Windows and Mac UIs are now web control wrappers which access this
UI locally and automate the process of token lookup and login.
PACKAGING / INSTALLATION IMPROVEMENTS
* The Macintosh version is now packaged as a .pkg file instead of the old
.app that would download its components and bootstrap itself. Several
Mac users had problems with this, so we made it a package instead.
* The Windows installer now includes a cleaner driver installation module
that installs the driver as part of the main MSI file instead of spawning
a subprocess.
BUG FIXES
* Windows now comes with an updated NDIS6 Ethernet tap device driver.
If you still have the old NDIS5 driver installed you'll keep using it,
so if you want to switch to the NDIS6 driver uninstall your old version
and do a fresh install of the new one. NDIS5 is deprecated, so we are
hoping an NDIS6 driver will fix a number of difficult to reproduce
issues that some Windows users have reported. It will also likely
improve performance.
* Fixed a "pseudo" memory leak related to the old auto-update code. The
amount of "committed" (but not used) memory would increase over time.
Since this was not actual used memory it didn't cause real problems,
but the issue is gone now.
* A very rare threading deadlock was fixed.
* Fix for Linux installer that would falsely recognize systemd on some
Ubuntu systems.
DEEP UNDER THE HOOD
* This version has been heavily refactored at the source code level! The
node/ subfolder now contains the core ZeroTier network virtualization
engine without any OS-specific or transport-specific code. This is in
preparation for future plans around embedded devices, etc. There is now
a public C-level API in include/ZeroTierOne.h that defines an interface
to the node core.
* A new network controller implementation is in 1.0.3 based on SQLite and
the local JSON API control bus. IT HAS NOT BEEN HEAVILY TESTED YET, so we
do not recommend using it in production until the next version. You are
welcome to experiment with it.
Fixed VirtualNetworkConfigFunction (creating array to send to Java)
Fixed the creating InetAddress instead of InetSocketAddress in virtual network config callback
Just delete the local reference rather than do an array delete. Array delete was causing a crash on loading network config files. Deleting the local ref works fine, though, as it still lets the JVM garbage collecter know that the native code is done with the array
(1) Yes, you *can* create a mixed 32/64 bit Windows MSI installer that installs drivers. All you have to do is... umm... create individual sub-MSI files for each driver (one for 32, one for 64) and then package those in the main MSI files as "chained" MSI installers. Each of these must only be considered a prerequisite on 32 or 64 bit machines, respectively.
(2) Upgrade Advanced Installer version, add rules to uninstall NDIS6 tap device on uninstall.
(3) Fix IE issue in UI code.
Version 1.0.2 brings experimental FreeBSD support. It has ONLY been tested
on FreeBSD 10 on an x64 system, and should be considered alpha for this
platform for now.
This version is not going to be pushed out to the entire world via software
update, and the binary version distributed for other platforms via the
zerotier.com web site will remain 1.0.1 as there are no other meaningful
user-facing changes. This is just an interim release to let FreeBSD users
try it out. If you find bugs, please enter them on GitHub or do a pull
request and fix them yourself.
Version 1.0.2 brings experimental FreeBSD support. It has ONLY been tested
on FreeBSD 10 on an x64 system, and should be considered alpha for this
platform for now.
This version is not going to be pushed out to the entire world via software
update, and the binary version distributed for other platforms via the
zerotier.com web site will remain 1.0.1 as there are no other meaningful
user-facing changes. This is just an interim release to let FreeBSD users
try it out. If you find bugs, please enter them on GitHub or do a pull
request and fix them yourself.
This version is mostly a bug fix release. It fixes a bug that could cause
the service to crash on Windows while running the GUI application. It also
contains a number of fixes to the Linux installer and Linux support for
systemd-based init systems.
It also includes a minor tweak to the multicast algorithm. Version 1.0.0
sent multicasts in a deterministic order, while this version randomizes
the order. The vast majority of users will notice nothing, but this may result
in superior coverage for service announcements on very large networks. It's
a hard variation to test, so we're releasing like this to gather information
from users about the effect. Nothing will change on small networks, and
ordinary multicast functions like ARP and NDP should be unaffected.
The next version will likely focus on additional improvements to Microsoft
Windows support, since there are several known Windows issues in need of
attention. We're working on an NDIS6-based Tap driver that should address
the driver issues experienced by a small number of Windows 7 users.
This should not affect most users, but on large networks it should cause service
announcements to work a lot better. This is the result of a prolonged discussion
with a user about the visibility of game servers on a large network. The old
multicast algorithm was de-facto randomized due to its distributed nature, while
the new algorithm is more deterministic. This will restore some randomization
beyond limit-overflow conditions.
It won't affect small networks at all.
ZeroTier 1.0.0 brings a number of under the hood improvements and bug
fixes. These include but are not limited to:
* A simpler, faster multicast algorithm that places full burden
for multicast propagation on the sender. This results in better
fairness without CPU-intensive signature/verify on every packet,
lower latency for intra-data-center SDN operations, and avoids
distributed burdens that are intrinsically unfriendly to mobile
clients subject to wake frequency limits and battery life
constraints. In the future this may be augmented to allow
optimized delivery to multiple recipients at the same site via
federation.
* Significant code reorg to move toward mobile support (iOS, Android)
and future SDK packaging.
* A number of efficiency and stability improvements.
* Bug fixes for Linux and ARM users.
* Improved NAT traversal, including limited support for port
numbering scheme guessing to traverse some symmetric NATs.
Upgrade from 0.9.x is not required but is strongly recommended. Older
clients using the old multicast algorithm are presently supported via
legacy hooks, and these may go away at some point in the future. We'll
monitor the status of the network and try to keep legacy support around
as long as people need it, but it'll probably be pulled once 95%+ of
clients are 1.0.0 or newer.
The next versions will bring further bug fixes, improved user experience,
more enterprise-grade features for intra-data-center use, and more!
the current content of detached-network-test. This is ready for another
test in 'headless' mode.
Merge branch 'detached-network-test' into adamierymenko-dev
This version is being tagged and bagged, despite the fact that it's not
going to be released and won't be merged into master until 1.0.0 is ready.
It contains several Linux build fixes, a fix for a unix domain socket resource
leak, and build fixes for the Raspberry Pi.
The primary focus of this version is better integration with the
Microsoft Windows operating system.
Virtual networks should now be detected as "real" networks. For
each network, a message box should pop up the first time the network
is detected and classified allowing the user to choose its services
and security designation. On Windows 7 this is "work," "home," or
"public." On Windows 8 it's a simple choice of whether or not to
enable file and printer sharing and other services.
Several bugs have been fixed. Among these are a Windows threading
issue, several minor threading deadlock issues that could manifest
if rapidly adding and removing networks, and a command line interface
issue. The network list now shows the network MAC address as well,
a UI oversight in previous versions. A vectorized SSE implementation
of Salsa20 is now included for improved encrypt/decrypt performance.
The sending of low-TTL "firewall opener" packets has been disabled
in this version, since they may not be necessary and may harm NAT
traversal in some configurations. We will measure the effectiveness
of NAT traversal and see if this change improves performance in the
field.
Finally, this version obsoletes both the Tokyo and Sydney supernodes
in favor of a single larger supernode in Singapore. This decision was
made on the basis of bandwidth costs-- both Tokyo and Sydney are
significantly more expensive. We'd like to keep the basic service free,
so keeping bandwidth costs for relaying low is important. Since NAT
traversal works well and is constantly being improved, most users will
not see a speed decrease from this. Some Chinese users may see
improved performance since Singapore may be closer than Tokyo to many
Chinese cities.
The next major releases will focus on better Macintosh platform integration,
further improvements to NAT traversal, and UI improvements.
now show up as *real* networks and prompt the user to set their
location and firewall status (public, private, home/work, etc.).
The hack used to achieve #2 should not be examined by children or those
suffering from epilepsy or heart conditions.
This version fixes several bugs including an issue with networks that have
EtherType filtering disabled, a file permission issue that affected non-English
versions of Windows, a multicast propagation bug that caused multicasts to
be dropped more often than they should be, and an issue with IP auto-configuration.
It also introduces experimental support for bridging between physical and virtual
networks, a much-requested and powerful ability that's been planned from the start.
ZeroTier One can now replace the functionality of ordinary VPNs, link multiple
offices into a single LAN, and connect virtual machine backplanes in the cloud to
physical networks at home, among other things.
Bridging support isn't "officially" out yet, since the web UI part is still
in development. But when that is done, an official announcement will be
made on the blog and users can try it out. So far bridging has only
been tested under Linux with the Linux kernel's native bridging driver.
YMMV on other platforms. Try it out and let us know by filing bugs at GitHub
or e-mailing them to "contact@zerotier.com".
Version 0.9.0 adds a network-wide toggle for blanket broadcast (ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff), contains changes for compatibility with the new web site and netconf server code, and most importantly introduces unique non-conflicting MAC address schemes on a per-virtual-network basis.
The MAC address change is necessary to support bridging, which is the next major feature to be added. It's not absolutely required, but it makes sure that things work properly in the (probably very rare) case that two virtual networks happen to be directly or indirectly bridged together.
The MAC change means that 0.9.0 is a required update. Clients not updating will find themselves unable to communicate with older versions. The underlying protocol is the same, but MAC address resolution and routing will not work properly. Those running binary releases will be updated automatically, while those running from source must download and rebuild.
This version also fixes two minor security issues, including one involving file permissions on non-English Windows versions.
This version fixes a few more issues with TCP tunneling including GitHub issue #63.
It also adds automatic announcement and location of peers on physical LANs (GitHub
issue #56) which should greatly improve performance if you happen to be on the same
LAN or WiFi network as another peer. It can take 60 seconds or so for this to occur,
but it should.
This, quick on the heels of 0.8.0, fixes the fact that TCP tunneling was
broken. :)
There was a bug that only manifested in some cases, and not on my testnet.
I took the opportunity to clean up some of that logic generally. I need a
better testnet, but that will have to wait until we exit beta and hopefully
I can earn a little bit of money off this. A better testnet will require
a big beefy virtualization box or two to run hundreds to thousands of KVMs.
Also fixed a tiny cosmetic issue on Windows. Other than that no changes.
This version introduces a major new feature requested by several users,
both via the user survey and otherwise: TCP tunneling.
If you are not able to communicate over UDP/9993, ZeroTier One will switch to
TCP connections to ZeroTier's supernodes. This is always slower than UDP, but
will allow you to communicate behind all but the most extremely restrictive
firewalls. This TCP traffic travels over port 443 and looks like HTTPS (SSL)
traffic (though it isn't), since that port is almost always open.
This also fixes several minor bugs and attempts to improve the robustness of
Windows tap driver management. Several users have reported spurious issues
with the Windows tap device, though I was unable to reproduce any of these with
clean VMs. (Tried Windows 7 and 8.1, both x86 and x64. No luck.) But I tried
to beef up the tap code anyway in the hopes of catching it. It now tries a lot
harder to make sure the tap is up and running.
There was some significant under the hood refactoring in support of TCP, so
this was a non-trivial change.
I bumped the version to 0.8 to indicate that more and more features are being
crossed off the list as we approach 1.0 and exit from beta. After this, the next
major feature will be LAN announcement to find direct paths to peers on the
same physical LAN. But assuming that 0.8.0 goes smoothly, I am going to divert
attention to the web site. A new design is coming that is much cleaner, sharper,
and easier to use.
Thank you all for all your excellent feedback! We're well on the way to a killer
product that makes conventional VPNs and other kludges obsolete.
* ZeroTier protocol design and core network virtualization engine, ZeroTier One service, React web UI, packaging for most platforms, kitchen sink...<br>
Adam Ierymenko / adam.ierymenko@zerotier.com
* Java JNI Interface to enable Android application development, and Android app itself (code for that is elsewhere)<br>
Grant Limberg / glimberg@gmail.com
## Contributors
* A number of fixes and improvements to the new controller, other stuff.<br>
Kees Bos / https://github.com/keesbos
* Debugging and testing, OpenWRT support fixes.<br>
Moritz Warning / moritzwarning@web.de
* Several others made smaller contributions, which GitHub tracks here:<br>
ZeroTier One creates flat virtual Ethernet networks of almost unlimited size. [Visit ZeroTier Networks on the web](https://www.zerotier.com/) for more information.
ZeroTier is a software defined networking layer for Earth.
Follow the [ZeroTier blog](http://blog.zerotier.com/) and the [GitHub project](https://github.com/zerotier/ZeroTierOne) to stay up to date.
It can be used for on-premise network virtualization, as a peer to peer VPN for mobile teams, for hybrid or multi-data-center cloud deployments, or just about anywhere else secure software defined virtual networking is useful.
Auto-updating binary packages that install easily [can be found here.](https://www.zerotier.com/download.html) If you want to build from source, clone this repository and see BUILDING.txt and RUNNING.txt.
ZeroTier One is our OS-level client service. It allows Mac, Linux, Windows, FreeBSD, and soon other types of clients to join ZeroTier virtual networks like conventional VPNs or VLANs. It can run on native systems, VMs, or containers (Docker, OpenVZ, etc.).
Once you are up and running, you can [create an account on the network control panel](https://www.zerotier.com/networks.html) if you want to create a private network or you can join [Earth](https://www.zerotier.com/earth.html) by running (on Linux and Mac) `sudo ./zerotier-cli join 8056c2e21c000001`.
Visit [ZeroTier's site](https://www.zerotier.com/) for more information. You can also download professionally packaged binary installers/packages for a variety of supported OSes there if you don't want to build ZeroTier One from source.
Note that this won't work if your firewall does not allow outbound UDP. It must allow two way UDP conversations on port 9993 at a minimum.
### Building from Source
ZeroTier One is licensed under the GNU General Public License version 3. You are free to use, modify, or redistribute it under the terms of that license. If you would like to embed ZeroTier One in a closed source product or create a closed source derivative product, contact ZeroTier Networks LLC.
For Mac, Linux, and BSD, just type "make" (or "gmake" on BSD). You won't need much installed; here are the requirements for various platforms:
* Mac: Xcode command line tools, and [Packages](http://s.sudre.free.fr/Software/Packages/about.html) if you want to build an OSX .pkg installer ("make mac-dist-pkg"). It should build on OSX 10.7 or newer.
* Linux: gcc/g++ or clang/clang++ (Makefile will use clang by default if available.)
* FreeBSD (and other BSD): C++ compiler (G++ usually) and GNU make (gmake).
Each supported platform has its own *make-XXX.mk* file that contains the actual make rules for the platform. The right .mk file is included by the main Makefile based on the GNU make *OSTYPE* variable. Take a look at the .mk file for your platform for other targets, debug build rules, etc.
Windows, of course, is special. We build for Windows with Microsoft Visual Studio 2012 on Windows 7. A solution file is located in the *windows* subfolder. Newer versions of Visual Studio (and Windows) may work but haven't been tested. Older versions almost certainly will not, since they lack things like *stdint.h* and certain STL features. MinGW or other ports of gcc/clang to Windows should also work but haven't been tested. Build steps for Windows are a bit more complicated. For the moment you are on your own there.
Mobile versions are in progress. They don't work yet, and in any case only the glue code will be included in this repository. The full mobile apps are in private repositories on our own git server.
### Supported Platforms
CPU architecture shouldn't matter unless it's smaller than 32-bit or something really bizarre like a "middle-endian" processor. We have reports of ZeroTier One running on arm32, arm64, and MIPS. It builds and runs out of the box on Raspberry Pi, BeagleBone, BananaPi, and other ARM-based developer/hobbyist boards.
ZeroTier is written in C and C++ (C++03 / ISO/IEC 14882:2003) and uses data structures and algorithms from the C++03 STL. We do not use any C++11 features (yet), since we want to support a few old and embedded platforms that don't have C++11 compilers. You *will* require a compiler and headers new enough to support 64-bit integers (long long) and the *stdint.h* header. The latter could also be faked by adding defines for things like *uint32\_t*, *int64\_t*, etc.
Typing "make selftest" will build a *zerotier-selftest* binary which unit tests various internals and reports on a few aspects of the build environment. It's a good idea to try this on novel platforms or architectures.
### Running
Running *zerotier-one* with -h will show help.
On Linux and BSD you can start the service with:
sudo ./zerotier-one -d
A home folder for your system will automatically be created.
The service is controlled via the JSON API, which by default is available at 127.0.0.1 port 9993. We include a *zerotier-cli* command line utility to make API calls for standard things like joining and leaving networks. The *authtoken.secret* file in the home folder contains the secret token for accessing this API. See README.md in [service/](service/) for API documentation.
Here's where home folders live (by default) on each OS:
* Linux: /var/lib/zerotier-one
* BSD: /var/db/zerotier-one
* Mac: /Library/Application Support/ZeroTier/One
* Windows: \\ProgramData\\ZeroTier\\One (That's for Windows 7. The base 'shared app data' folder might be different on different Windows versions.)
Running ZeroTier One on a Mac is the same, but OSX requires a kernel extension. We ship a signed binary build of the ZeroTier tap device driver, which can be installed on Mac with:
sudo make install-mac-tap
This will create the home folder for Mac, place *tap.kext* there, and set its modes correctly to enable ZeroTier One to manage it with *kextload* and *kextunload*.
We recommend using our binary packages on Windows, since there are several prerequisites such as a tap driver that must be installed on the system *and* in the home folder.
### Joining A Network
ZeroTier virtual networks are identified by 16-digit hexadecimal network IDs, while devices are identified by 10-digit addresses. To get your address run:
sudo zerotier-cli status
(Use ./zerotier-cli if you're running it right from your build folder.)
You should see something like:
200 info ########## ONLINE #.#.#
That 10-digit hex code is you. It's derived via a one-way proof of work function from your cryptographic public key. Your public key can be found in *identity.public* in ZeroTier's home folder, while *identity.secret* contains your full identity including the secret portion of the key pair.
(The identity files define your device's *identity*. Moving them to another system will move that identity. Be careful when cloning virtual machines that have identities stored on them. If two devices have the same identity, they'll "fight" over it and you won't know which device will receive network packets.)
If you want to do a quick test, you can join [Earth](https://www.zerotier.com/earth.html). It's a global public network that anyone can join. Type:
sudo zerotier-cli join 8056c2e21c000001
Then:
sudo zerotier-cli listnetworks
At first it'll be in *REQUESTING\_CONFIGURATION* state. In a few seconds to a minute you should see something like:
200 listnetworks 8056c2e21c000001 earth.zerotier.net ##:##:##:##:##:## OK PUBLIC zt0 ##.##.##.##/##
Earth will assign you an IP address in the "unofficially available" globally unrouted 28.0.0.0/7 IP block so as to avoid conflicts with local networks. (Your networks can use any IP scheme, or can even leave IP addresses unmanaged.) Once you get an IP, you should be able to ping something:
ping earth.zerotier.net
Go to [http://earth.zerotier.net/](http://earth.zerotier.net/) to see a short little welcome page that will tell you your IP and Ethernet MAC address.
Earth is a public place. If you don't want to stick around run:
sudo zerotier-cli leave 8056c2e21c000001
The network (and associated interface) should be gone.
Networks are created and administrated by network controllers. Most users will want to use our hosted controllers. Visit [our web site](https://www.zerotier.com/) for more information. Later in this README there are brief instructions about building ZeroTier One with network controller support for those who want to try running their own.
Macintosh and Windows installers also install a GUI application.
### Installing
We don't have a "make install" rule quite yet. On Linux you can type:
make installer
This will build a binary that, when run, will install ZeroTier One on most current Linux distributions. We also have RPM and DEB build files in *ext/installfiles/linux* that wrap this installer in packages for RedHat/CentOS and Debian/Ubuntu derived distributions. If *rpmbuild* is present on the system, the RPM will be built. If *dpkg-deb* is present, the DEB package will be built.
On Mac the best way is to install [Packages](http://s.sudre.free.fr/Software/Packages/about.html) and use:
make mac-dist-pkg
This builds a .pkg file that can be installed.
BSD has no installer yet. We're working on it.
Linux/BSD and Mac installations have an *uninstall.sh* file in their ZeroTier home folder that cleanly removes ZeroTier One from the system. Run this with:
sudo /path/to/ZeroTier/home/folder/uninstall.sh
Windows installers are insane. We build our .MSI installers with [Advanced Installer Enterprise](http://www.advancedinstaller.com). The Advanced Installer project file is in *ext/installfiles/windows*. To avoid lasting psychological trauma we recommend leaving Windows installers alone and using the pre-built Windows binaries on our web site.
### Using ZeroTier One in Docker Containers
To run the ZeroTier One service in a Docker container, run it with "--device=/dev/net/tun --cap-add=NET_ADMIN". This will allow ZeroTier One to open a "tap" virtual network port inside the container.
Alternately, you can use Ethernet bridging to bridge the *docker0* device on your system to a ZeroTier virtual network. This allows you to run ZeroTier One on the host and bridge the entire Docker network backplane to a virtual network or other hosts.
We're working on better "official" Docker support. In the meantime there is a [user-contributed project here](https://github.com/davide/docker-zerotier).
### Building with Network Controller Support
**Warning: as of beta version 1.0.3 the new network controller is not heavily tested. We recommend waiting for 1.0.4 to deploy this in production.**
Network controllers are nodes responsible for issuing configurations and certificates to members of ZeroTier virtual networks. Most users won't need to run their own, so this code is by default not included in the ZeroTier One binary.
You can build a network controller on Linux or Mac with:
make ZT_ENABLE_NETWORK_CONTROLLER=1
This will build a version that contains the Sqlite-backed network controller and associated extensions to the JSON local service control API. You will need the development headers for sqlite3 installed. On Mac these ship as part of Xcode, while on Linux they'll be found in packages for the various distributions.
See the JSON API documentation in [service/](service/) for more information about how to control controllers.
### Troubleshooting
For most users, it just works.
If you are running a local system firewall, we recommend adding a rule permitting UDP port 9993 inbound and outbound. If you installed binaries for Windows this should be done automatically. Other platforms might require manual editing of local firewall rules depending on your configuration.
The Mac firewall can be founder under "Security" in System Preferences. Linux has a variety of firewall configuration systems and tools. If you're using Ubuntu's *ufw*, you can do this:
sudo ufw allow 9993/udp
On CentOS check */etc/sysconfig/iptables* for IPTables rules. For other distributions consult your distribution's documentation. You'll also have to check the UIs or documentation for commercial third party firewall applications like Little Snitch (Mac), McAfee Firewall Enterprise (Windows), etc. if you are running any of those. Some corporate environments might have centrally managed firewall software, so you might also have to contact IT.
ZeroTier One peers will automatically locate each other and communicate directly over a local wired LAN *if UDP port 9993 inbound is open*. If that port is filtered, they won't be able to see each others' LAN announcement packets. If you're experiencing poor performance between devices on the same physical network, check their firewall settings. Without LAN auto-location peers must attempt "loopback" NAT traversal, which sometimes fails and in any case requires that every packet traverse your external router twice.
Users behind certain types of firewalls and "symmetric" NAT devices may not able able to connect to external peers directly at all. ZeroTier has limited support for port prediction and will *attempt* to traverse symmetric NATs, but this doesn't always work. If P2P connectivity fails you'll be bouncing UDP packets off our relay servers resulting in slower performance. Some NAT router(s) have a configurable NAT mode, and setting this to "full cone" will eliminate this problem. If you do this you may also see a magical improvement for things like VoIP phones, Skype, BitTorrent, WebRTC, certain games, etc., since all of these use NAT traversal techniques similar to ours.
If you're interested, there's a [technical deep dive about NAT traversal on our blog](https://www.zerotier.com/blog/?p=226). A troubleshooting tool to help you diagnose NAT issues is planned for the future as are uPnP/IGD/NAT-PMP and IPv6 transport.
If a firewall between you and the Internet blocks ZeroTier's UDP traffic, you will fall back to last-resort TCP tunneling to rootservers over port 443 (https impersonation). This will work almost anywhere but is *very slow* compared to UDP or direct peer to peer connectivity.
### License
The ZeroTier source code is open source and is licensed under the GNU GPL v3 (not LGPL). If you'd like to embed it in a closed-source commercial product or appliance, please e-mail [contact@zerotier.com](mailto:contact@zerotier.com) to discuss commercial licensing. Otherwise it can be used for free.
QMessageBox::critical(this,"Download Failed",QString("Download failed: ")+reply->errorString()+"\n\nAre you connected to the Internet?",QMessageBox::Ok,QMessageBox::NoButton);
QMessageBox::critical(this,"Download Failed","Download failed: there is a problem with the software update web site.\nTry agian later. (invalid .nfo file)",QMessageBox::Ok,QMessageBox::NoButton);
QMessageBox::critical(this,"Download Failed","Download failed: there is a problem with the software update web site. Try agian later. (downloaded data failed signature check)",QMessageBox::Ok,QMessageBox::NoButton);
QMessageBox::critical(this,"Download Failed",QString("Installation failed: unable to write to ")+instPath.c_str(),QMessageBox::Ok,QMessageBox::NoButton);
QMessageBox::critical(this,"Installation Failed",QString("Installation failed: unable to write to ")+instPath.c_str(),QMessageBox::Ok,QMessageBox::NoButton);
QApplication::exit(1);
return;
}
::close(outfd);
chmod(instPath.c_str(),0755);
FILE*scr=fopen(tmpPath.c_str(),"w");
if(!scr){
QMessageBox::critical(this,"Installation Failed","Cannot write script to temporary Library/Caches/ZeroTier/One folder.",QMessageBox::Ok,QMessageBox::NoButton);
<string notr="true"><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/strict.dtd">
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<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">A “User Product” is either (1) a “consumer product”, which means any tangible personal property which is normally used for personal, family, or household purposes, or (2) anything designed or sold for incorporation into a dwelling. In determining whether a product is a consumer product, doubtful cases shall be resolved in favor of coverage. For a particular product received by a particular user, “normally used” refers to a typical or common use of that class of product, regardless of the status of the particular user or of the way in which the particular user actually uses, or expects or is expected to use, the product. A product is a consumer product regardless of whether the product has substantial commercial, industrial or non-consumer uses, unless such uses represent the only significant mode of use of the product. </p>
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<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">If you convey an object code work under this section in, or with, or specifically for use in, a User Product, and the conveying occurs as part of a transaction in which the right of possession and use of the User Product is transferred to the recipient in perpetuity or for a fixed term (regardless of how the transaction is characterized), the Corresponding Source conveyed under this section must be accompanied by the Installation Information. But this requirement does not apply if neither you nor any third party retains the ability to install modified object code on the User Product (for example, the work has been installed in ROM). </p>
<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">The requirement to provide Installation Information does not include a requirement to continue to provide support service, warranty, or updates for a work that has been modified or installed by the recipient, or for the User Product in which it has been modified or installed. Access to a network may be denied when the modification itself materially and adversely affects the operation of the network or violates the rules and protocols for communication across the network. </p>
<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">Corresponding Source conveyed, and Installation Information provided, in accord with this section must be in a format that is publicly documented (and with an implementation available to the public in source code form), and must require no special password or key for unpacking, reading or copying. </p>
<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">“Additional permissions” are terms that supplement the terms of this License by making exceptions from one or more of its conditions. Additional permissions that are applicable to the entire Program shall be treated as though they were included in this License, to the extent that they are valid under applicable law. If additional permissions apply only to part of the Program, that part may be used separately under those permissions, but the entire Program remains governed by this License without regard to the additional permissions. </p>
<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">When you convey a copy of a covered work, you may at your option remove any additional permissions from that copy, or from any part of it. (Additional permissions may be written to require their own removal in certain cases when you modify the work.) You may place additional permissions on material, added by you to a covered work, for which you have or can give appropriate copyright permission. </p>
<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, for material you add to a covered work, you may (if authorized by the copyright holders of that material) supplement the terms of this License with terms: </p>
<ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; -qt-list-indent: 1;"><li style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">a) Disclaiming warranty or limiting liability differently from the terms of sections 15 and 16 of this License; or </li>
<li style=" margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">b) Requiring preservation of specified reasonable legal notices or author attributions in that material or in the Appropriate Legal Notices displayed by works containing it; or </li>
<li style=" margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">c) Prohibiting misrepresentation of the origin of that material, or requiring that modified versions of such material be marked in reasonable ways as different from the original version; or </li>
<li style=" margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">d) Limiting the use for publicity purposes of names of licensors or authors of the material; or </li>
<li style=" margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">e) Declining to grant rights under trademark law for use of some trade names, trademarks, or service marks; or </li>
<li style=" margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">f) Requiring indemnification of licensors and authors of that material by anyone who conveys the material (or modified versions of it) with contractual assumptions of liability to the recipient, for any liability that these contractual assumptions directly impose on those licensors and authors. </li></ul>
<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">All other non-permissive additional terms are considered “further restrictions” within the meaning of section 10. If the Program as you received it, or any part of it, contains a notice stating that it is governed by this License along with a term that is a further restriction, you may remove that term. If a license document contains a further restriction but permits relicensing or conveying under this License, you may add to a covered work material governed by the terms of that license document, provided that the further restriction does not survive such relicensing or conveying. </p>
<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">If you add terms to a covered work in accord with this section, you must place, in the relevant source files, a statement of the additional terms that apply to those files, or a notice indicating where to find the applicable terms. </p>
<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">Additional terms, permissive or non-permissive, may be stated in the form of a separately written license, or stated as exceptions; the above requirements apply either way. </p>
<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">You may not propagate or modify a covered work except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to propagate or modify it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License (including any patent licenses granted under the third paragraph of section 11). </p>
<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation. </p>
<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice. </p>
<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, you do not qualify to receive new licenses for the same material under section 10. </p>
<p style=" margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;"><a name="section9"></a><span style=" font-size:medium; font-weight:600;">9</span><span style=" font-size:medium; font-weight:600;">. Acceptance Not Required for Having Copies.</span> </p>
<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">You are not required to accept this License in order to receive or run a copy of the Program. Ancillary propagation of a covered work occurring solely as a consequence of using peer-to-peer transmission to receive a copy likewise does not require acceptance. However, nothing other than this License grants you permission to propagate or modify any covered work. These actions infringe copyright if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or propagating a covered work, you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so. </p>
<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">Each time you convey a covered work, the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensors, to run, modify and propagate that work, subject to this License. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties with this License. </p>
<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">An “entity transaction” is a transaction transferring control of an organization, or substantially all assets of one, or subdividing an organization, or merging organizations. If propagation of a covered work results from an entity transaction, each party to that transaction who receives a copy of the work also receives whatever licenses to the work the party's predecessor in interest had or could give under the previous paragraph, plus a right to possession of the Corresponding Source of the work from the predecessor in interest, if the predecessor has it or can get it with reasonable efforts. </p>
<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of the rights granted or affirmed under this License. For example, you may not impose a license fee, royalty, or other charge for exercise of rights granted under this License, and you may not initiate litigation (including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that any patent claim is infringed by making, using, selling, offering for sale, or importing the Program or any portion of it. </p>
<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">A “contributor” is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based. The work thus licensed is called the contributor's “contributor version”. </p>
<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">A contributor's “essential patent claims” are all patent claims owned or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or hereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted by this License, of making, using, or selling its contributor version, but do not include claims that would be infringed only as a consequence of further modification of the contributor version. For purposes of this definition, “control” includes the right to grant patent sublicenses in a manner consistent with the requirements of this License. </p>
<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">Each contributor grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free patent license under the contributor's essential patent claims, to make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and otherwise run, modify and propagate the contents of its contributor version. </p>
<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">In the following three paragraphs, a “patent license” is any express agreement or commitment, however denominated, not to enforce a patent (such as an express permission to practice a patent or covenant not to sue for patent infringement). To “grant” such a patent license to a party means to make such an agreement or commitment not to enforce a patent against the party. </p>
<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license, and the Corresponding Source of the work is not available for anyone to copy, free of charge and under the terms of this License, through a publicly available network server or other readily accessible means, then you must either (1) cause the Corresponding Source to be so available, or (2) arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of the patent license for this particular work, or (3) arrange, in a manner consistent with the requirements of this License, to extend the patent license to downstream recipients. “Knowingly relying” means you have actual knowledge that, but for the patent license, your conveying the covered work in a country, or your recipient's use of the covered work in a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that country that you have reason to believe are valid. </p>
<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or arrangement, you convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, a covered work, and grant a patent license to some of the parties receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, propagate, modify or convey a specific copy of the covered work, then the patent license you grant is automatically extended to all recipients of the covered work and works based on it. </p>
<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">A patent license is “discriminatory” if it does not include within the scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is conditioned on the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are specifically granted under this License. You may not convey a covered work if you are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is in the business of distributing software, under which you make payment to the third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying the work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the parties who would receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory patent license (a) in connection with copies of the covered work conveyed by you (or copies made from those copies), or (b) primarily for and in connection with specific products or compilations that contain the covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement, or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007. </p>
<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law. </p>
<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not convey it at all. For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program. </p>
<p style=" margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;"><a name="section13"></a><span style=" font-size:medium; font-weight:600;">1</span><span style=" font-size:medium; font-weight:600;">3. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License.</span> </p>
<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single combined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms of this License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work, but the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License, section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the combination as such. </p>
<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the GNU General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. </p>
<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General Public License “or any later version” applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the GNU General Public License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation. </p>
<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Program. </p>
<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">Later license versions may give you additional or different permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a later version. </p>
<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. </p>
<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. </p>
<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms, reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a copy of the Program in return for a fee. </p>
<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS </p>
<p style=" margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;"><a name="howto"></a><span style=" font-size:large; font-weight:600;">H</span><span style=" font-size:large; font-weight:600;">ow to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs</span> </p>
<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. </p>
<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the “copyright” line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. </p>
<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;"><span style=" font-family:'Courier New,courier';"> &lt;one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.&gt;</span></p>
<p style=" margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;"><span style=" font-family:'Courier New,courier';"> This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify</span></p>
<p style=" margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;"><span style=" font-family:'Courier New,courier';"> it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by</span></p>
<p style=" margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;"><span style=" font-family:'Courier New,courier';"> the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or</span></p>
<p style=" margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;"><span style=" font-family:'Courier New,courier';"> (at your option) any later version.</span></p>
<p style=" margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;"><span style=" font-family:'Courier New,courier';"> This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,</span></p>
<p style=" margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;"><span style=" font-family:'Courier New,courier';"> but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of</span></p>
<p style=" margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;"><span style=" font-family:'Courier New,courier';"> MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the</span></p>
<p style=" margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;"><span style=" font-family:'Courier New,courier';"> GNU General Public License for more details.</span></p>
<p style=" margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;"><span style=" font-family:'Courier New,courier';"> You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License</span></p>
<p style=" margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;"><span style=" font-family:'Courier New,courier';"> along with this program. If not, see &lt;http://www.gnu.org/licenses/&gt;. </span></p>
<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. </p>
<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: </p>
<p style=" margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;"><span style=" font-family:'Courier New,courier';"> This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.</span></p>
<p style=" margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;"><span style=" font-family:'Courier New,courier';"> This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it</span></p>
<p style=" margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;"><span style=" font-family:'Courier New,courier';"> under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. </span></p>
<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an “about box”. </p>
<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, if any, to sign a “copyright disclaimer” for the program, if necessary. For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see &lt;<a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/"><span style=" text-decoration: underline; color:#0000ff;">http://www.gnu.org/licenses/</span></a>&gt;. </p>
<p style=" margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:12px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License. But first, please read &lt;<a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html"><span style=" text-decoration: underline; color:#0000ff;">http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html</span></a>&gt;. </p></body></html></string>
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Adam Ierymenko
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Nelson Chen
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Kees Bos
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