fix: Per-session locking and row-level locking in DatabaseSessionService.append_event

This change introduces an in-process `asyncio.Lock` per session to serialize `append_event` calls for the same session ID within a single process. For supported database dialects (MySQL, PostgreSQL, MariaDB), it also uses `SELECT ... FOR UPDATE` to acquire row-level locks on the session, app state, and user state records, preventing race conditions across different processes or database connections. A new test case verifies that concurrent updates to stale session objects correctly merge all state changes.

Close #1049

Co-authored-by: George Weale <gweale@google.com>
PiperOrigin-RevId: 867752676

src/google/adk/sessions/database_session_service.py

@@ -22,11 +22,12 @@ import logging
 from typing import Any
 from typing import AsyncIterator
 from typing import Optional
+from typing import TypeAlias
+from typing import TypeVar
 
 from sqlalchemy import delete
 from sqlalchemy import event
 from sqlalchemy import select
-from sqlalchemy import text
 from sqlalchemy.engine import make_url
 from sqlalchemy.exc import ArgumentError
 from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import async_sessionmaker
@@ -59,6 +60,40 @@ from .state import State
 
 logger = logging.getLogger("google_adk." + __name__)
 
+_SQLITE_DIALECT = "sqlite"
+_MARIADB_DIALECT = "mariadb"
+_MYSQL_DIALECT = "mysql"
+_POSTGRESQL_DIALECT = "postgresql"
+# Tuple key order for in-process per-session lock maps:
+# (app_name, user_id, session_id).
+_SessionLockKey: TypeAlias = tuple[str, str, str]
+_StorageStateT = TypeVar(
+    "_StorageStateT",
+    StorageAppStateV0,
+    StorageAppStateV1,
+    StorageUserStateV0,
+    StorageUserStateV1,
+)
+
+
+async def _select_required_state(
+    *,
+    sql_session: DatabaseSessionFactory,
+    state_model: type[_StorageStateT],
+    predicates: tuple[Any, ...],
+    use_row_level_locking: bool,
+    missing_message: str,
+) -> _StorageStateT:
+  """Returns a state row, raising if the row is missing."""
+  stmt = select(state_model).filter(*predicates)
+  if use_row_level_locking:
+    stmt = stmt.with_for_update()
+  result = await sql_session.execute(stmt)
+  state_row = result.scalars().one_or_none()
+  if state_row is None:
+    raise ValueError(missing_message)
+  return state_row
+
 
 def _set_sqlite_pragma(dbapi_connection, connection_record):
   cursor = dbapi_connection.cursor()
@@ -107,16 +142,19 @@ class DatabaseSessionService(BaseSessionService):
     try:
       engine_kwargs = dict(kwargs)
       url = make_url(db_url)
-      if url.get_backend_name() == "sqlite" and url.database == ":memory:":
+      if (
+          url.get_backend_name() == _SQLITE_DIALECT
+          and url.database == ":memory:"
+      ):
         engine_kwargs.setdefault("poolclass", StaticPool)
         connect_args = dict(engine_kwargs.get("connect_args", {}))
         connect_args.setdefault("check_same_thread", False)
         engine_kwargs["connect_args"] = connect_args
-      elif url.get_backend_name() != "sqlite":
+      elif url.get_backend_name() != _SQLITE_DIALECT:
         engine_kwargs.setdefault("pool_pre_ping", True)
 
       db_engine = create_async_engine(db_url, **engine_kwargs)
-      if db_engine.dialect.name == "sqlite":
+      if db_engine.dialect.name == _SQLITE_DIALECT:
         # Set sqlite pragma to enable foreign keys constraints
         event.listen(db_engine.sync_engine, "connect", _set_sqlite_pragma)
 
@@ -152,6 +190,11 @@ class DatabaseSessionService(BaseSessionService):
     # Lock to ensure thread-safe schema version check
     self._db_schema_lock = asyncio.Lock()
 
+    # Per-session locks used to serialize append_event calls in this process.
+    self._session_locks: dict[_SessionLockKey, asyncio.Lock] = {}
+    self._session_lock_ref_count: dict[_SessionLockKey, int] = {}
+    self._session_locks_guard = asyncio.Lock()
+
   def _get_schema_classes(self) -> _SchemaClasses:
     return _SchemaClasses(self._db_schema_version)
 
@@ -172,6 +215,45 @@ class DatabaseSessionService(BaseSessionService):
         await sql_session.rollback()
         raise
 
+  def _supports_row_level_locking(self) -> bool:
+    return self.db_engine.dialect.name in (
+        _MARIADB_DIALECT,
+        _MYSQL_DIALECT,
+        _POSTGRESQL_DIALECT,
+    )
+
+  @asynccontextmanager
+  async def _with_session_lock(
+      self, *, app_name: str, user_id: str, session_id: str
+  ) -> AsyncIterator[None]:
+    """Serializes event appends for the same session within this process."""
+    # Use one lock per logical ADK session to prevent concurrent append_event
+    # writes from racing in the same process.
+    lock_key = (app_name, user_id, session_id)
+    async with self._session_locks_guard:
+      lock = self._session_locks.get(lock_key)
+      if lock is None:
+        lock = asyncio.Lock()
+        self._session_locks[lock_key] = lock
+      # Reference counting keeps lock objects alive while they are in use by
+      # concurrent tasks and allows cleanup once all waiters complete.
+      self._session_lock_ref_count[lock_key] = (
+          self._session_lock_ref_count.get(lock_key, 0) + 1
+      )
+
+    try:
+      async with lock:
+        yield
+    finally:
+      async with self._session_locks_guard:
+        remaining = self._session_lock_ref_count.get(lock_key, 0) - 1
+        # Remove lock bookkeeping after the last waiter exits.
+        if remaining <= 0 and not lock.locked():
+          self._session_lock_ref_count.pop(lock_key, None)
+          self._session_locks.pop(lock_key, None)
+        else:
+          self._session_lock_ref_count[lock_key] = remaining
+
   async def _prepare_tables(self):
     """Ensure database tables are ready for use.
 
@@ -291,7 +373,7 @@ class DatabaseSessionService(BaseSessionService):
 
       # Store the session
       now = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
-      is_sqlite = self.db_engine.dialect.name == "sqlite"
+      is_sqlite = self.db_engine.dialect.name == _SQLITE_DIALECT
       if is_sqlite:
         now = now.replace(tzinfo=None)
 
@@ -372,7 +454,7 @@ class DatabaseSessionService(BaseSessionService):
 
       # Convert storage session to session
       events = [e.to_event() for e in reversed(storage_events)]
-      is_sqlite = self.db_engine.dialect.name == "sqlite"
+      is_sqlite = self.db_engine.dialect.name == _SQLITE_DIALECT
       session = storage_session.to_session(
           state=merged_state, events=events, is_sqlite=is_sqlite
       )
@@ -418,7 +500,7 @@ class DatabaseSessionService(BaseSessionService):
           user_states_map[storage_user_state.user_id] = storage_user_state.state
 
       sessions = []
-      is_sqlite = self.db_engine.dialect.name == "sqlite"
+      is_sqlite = self.db_engine.dialect.name == _SQLITE_DIALECT
       for storage_session in results:
         session_state = storage_session.state
         user_state = user_states_map.get(storage_session.user_id, {})
@@ -456,71 +538,109 @@ class DatabaseSessionService(BaseSessionService):
     # 2. Update session attributes based on event config
     # 3. Store event to table
     schema = self._get_schema_classes()
-    async with self._rollback_on_exception_session() as sql_session:
-      storage_session = await sql_session.get(
-          schema.StorageSession, (session.app_name, session.user_id, session.id)
-      )
-
-      # Fetch states from storage
-      storage_app_state = await sql_session.get(
-          schema.StorageAppState, (session.app_name)
-      )
-      storage_user_state = await sql_session.get(
-          schema.StorageUserState, (session.app_name, session.user_id)
-      )
-
-      is_sqlite = self.db_engine.dialect.name == "sqlite"
-      if (
-          storage_session.get_update_timestamp(is_sqlite)
-          > session.last_update_time
-      ):
-        # Reload the session from storage if it has been updated since it was
-        # loaded.
-        app_state = storage_app_state.state if storage_app_state else {}
-        user_state = storage_user_state.state if storage_user_state else {}
-        session_state = storage_session.state
-        session.state = _merge_state(app_state, user_state, session_state)
-
-        stmt = (
-            select(schema.StorageEvent)
-            .filter(schema.StorageEvent.app_name == session.app_name)
-            .filter(schema.StorageEvent.session_id == session.id)
-            .filter(schema.StorageEvent.user_id == session.user_id)
-            .order_by(schema.StorageEvent.timestamp.asc())
+    is_sqlite = self.db_engine.dialect.name == _SQLITE_DIALECT
+    use_row_level_locking = self._supports_row_level_locking()
+    async with self._with_session_lock(
+        app_name=session.app_name,
+        user_id=session.user_id,
+        session_id=session.id,
+    ):
+      async with self._rollback_on_exception_session() as sql_session:
+        storage_session_stmt = (
+            select(schema.StorageSession)
+            .filter(schema.StorageSession.app_name == session.app_name)
+            .filter(schema.StorageSession.user_id == session.user_id)
+            .filter(schema.StorageSession.id == session.id)
         )
-        result = await sql_session.stream_scalars(stmt)
-        storage_events = [e async for e in result]
-        session.events = [e.to_event() for e in storage_events]
+        if use_row_level_locking:
+          storage_session_stmt = storage_session_stmt.with_for_update()
+        storage_session_result = await sql_session.execute(storage_session_stmt)
+        storage_session = storage_session_result.scalars().one_or_none()
+        if storage_session is None:
+          raise ValueError(f"Session {session.id} not found.")
 
-      # Extract state delta
-      if event.actions and event.actions.state_delta:
-        state_deltas = _session_util.extract_state_delta(
-            event.actions.state_delta
+        storage_app_state = await _select_required_state(
+            sql_session=sql_session,
+            state_model=schema.StorageAppState,
+            predicates=(schema.StorageAppState.app_name == session.app_name,),
+            use_row_level_locking=use_row_level_locking,
+            missing_message=(
+                "App state missing for app_name="
+                f"{session.app_name!r}. Session state tables should be "
+                "initialized by create_session."
+            ),
+        )
+        storage_user_state = await _select_required_state(
+            sql_session=sql_session,
+            state_model=schema.StorageUserState,
+            predicates=(
+                schema.StorageUserState.app_name == session.app_name,
+                schema.StorageUserState.user_id == session.user_id,
+            ),
+            use_row_level_locking=use_row_level_locking,
+            missing_message=(
+                "User state missing for app_name="
+                f"{session.app_name!r}, user_id={session.user_id!r}. "
+                "Session state tables should be initialized by "
+                "create_session."
+            ),
         )
-        app_state_delta = state_deltas["app"]
-        user_state_delta = state_deltas["user"]
-        session_state_delta = state_deltas["session"]
-        # Merge state and update storage
-        if app_state_delta:
-          storage_app_state.state = storage_app_state.state | app_state_delta
-        if user_state_delta:
-          storage_user_state.state = storage_user_state.state | user_state_delta
-        if session_state_delta:
-          storage_session.state = storage_session.state | session_state_delta
 
-      if is_sqlite:
-        update_time = datetime.fromtimestamp(
-            event.timestamp, timezone.utc
-        ).replace(tzinfo=None)
-      else:
-        update_time = datetime.fromtimestamp(event.timestamp)
-      storage_session.update_time = update_time
-      sql_session.add(schema.StorageEvent.from_event(session, event))
+        if (
+            storage_session.get_update_timestamp(is_sqlite)
+            > session.last_update_time
+        ):
+          # Reload the session from storage if it has been updated since it was
+          # loaded.
+          app_state = storage_app_state.state
+          user_state = storage_user_state.state
+          session_state = storage_session.state
+          session.state = _merge_state(app_state, user_state, session_state)
 
-      await sql_session.commit()
+          stmt = (
+              select(schema.StorageEvent)
+              .filter(schema.StorageEvent.app_name == session.app_name)
+              .filter(schema.StorageEvent.session_id == session.id)
+              .filter(schema.StorageEvent.user_id == session.user_id)
+              .order_by(schema.StorageEvent.timestamp.asc())
+          )
+          result = await sql_session.stream_scalars(stmt)
+          storage_events = [e async for e in result]
+          session.events = [e.to_event() for e in storage_events]
 
-      # Update timestamp with commit time
-      session.last_update_time = storage_session.get_update_timestamp(is_sqlite)
+        # Extract state delta
+        if event.actions and event.actions.state_delta:
+          state_deltas = _session_util.extract_state_delta(
+              event.actions.state_delta
+          )
+          app_state_delta = state_deltas["app"]
+          user_state_delta = state_deltas["user"]
+          session_state_delta = state_deltas["session"]
+          # Merge state and update storage
+          if app_state_delta:
+            storage_app_state.state = storage_app_state.state | app_state_delta
+          if user_state_delta:
+            storage_user_state.state = (
+                storage_user_state.state | user_state_delta
+            )
+          if session_state_delta:
+            storage_session.state = storage_session.state | session_state_delta
+
+        if is_sqlite:
+          update_time = datetime.fromtimestamp(
+              event.timestamp, timezone.utc
+          ).replace(tzinfo=None)
+        else:
+          update_time = datetime.fromtimestamp(event.timestamp)
+        storage_session.update_time = update_time
+        sql_session.add(schema.StorageEvent.from_event(session, event))
+
+        await sql_session.commit()
+
+        # Update timestamp with commit time
+        session.last_update_time = storage_session.get_update_timestamp(
+            is_sqlite
+        )
 
     # Also update the in-memory session
     await super().append_event(session=session, event=event)

tests/unittests/sessions/test_session_service.py

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 
+import asyncio
 from datetime import datetime
 from datetime import timezone
 import enum
@@ -28,6 +29,7 @@ from google.adk.sessions.in_memory_session_service import InMemorySessionService
 from google.adk.sessions.sqlite_session_service import SqliteSessionService
 from google.genai import types
 import pytest
+from sqlalchemy import delete
 
 
 class SessionServiceType(enum.Enum):
@@ -613,6 +615,110 @@ async def test_append_event_to_stale_session():
     ]
 
 
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_append_event_raises_if_app_state_row_missing():
+  service = DatabaseSessionService('sqlite+aiosqlite:///:memory:')
+  try:
+    session = await service.create_session(
+        app_name='my_app', user_id='user', session_id='s1'
+    )
+    schema = service._get_schema_classes()
+    async with service.database_session_factory() as sql_session:
+      await sql_session.execute(
+          delete(schema.StorageAppState).where(
+              schema.StorageAppState.app_name == session.app_name
+          )
+      )
+      await sql_session.commit()
+
+    event = Event(
+        invocation_id='inv1',
+        author='user',
+        actions=EventActions(state_delta={'k': 'v'}),
+    )
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='App state missing'):
+      await service.append_event(session, event)
+  finally:
+    await service.close()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_append_event_raises_if_user_state_row_missing():
+  service = DatabaseSessionService('sqlite+aiosqlite:///:memory:')
+  try:
+    session = await service.create_session(
+        app_name='my_app', user_id='user', session_id='s1'
+    )
+    schema = service._get_schema_classes()
+    async with service.database_session_factory() as sql_session:
+      await sql_session.execute(
+          delete(schema.StorageUserState).where(
+              schema.StorageUserState.app_name == session.app_name,
+              schema.StorageUserState.user_id == session.user_id,
+          )
+      )
+      await sql_session.commit()
+
+    event = Event(
+        invocation_id='inv1',
+        author='user',
+        actions=EventActions(state_delta={'k': 'v'}),
+    )
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='User state missing'):
+      await service.append_event(session, event)
+  finally:
+    await service.close()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_append_event_concurrent_stale_sessions_preserve_all_state():
+  session_service = get_session_service(
+      service_type=SessionServiceType.DATABASE
+  )
+
+  async with session_service:
+    app_name = 'my_app'
+    user_id = 'user'
+    session = await session_service.create_session(
+        app_name=app_name, user_id=user_id
+    )
+
+    iteration_count = 8
+    for i in range(iteration_count):
+      latest_session = await session_service.get_session(
+          app_name=app_name, user_id=user_id, session_id=session.id
+      )
+      stale_session_1 = latest_session.model_copy(deep=True)
+      stale_session_2 = latest_session.model_copy(deep=True)
+      base_timestamp = latest_session.last_update_time + 10.0
+      event_1 = Event(
+          invocation_id=f'inv{i}-1',
+          author='user',
+          timestamp=base_timestamp + 1.0,
+          actions=EventActions(state_delta={f'sk{i}-1': f'v{i}-1'}),
+      )
+      event_2 = Event(
+          invocation_id=f'inv{i}-2',
+          author='user',
+          timestamp=base_timestamp + 2.0,
+          actions=EventActions(state_delta={f'sk{i}-2': f'v{i}-2'}),
+      )
+
+      await asyncio.gather(
+          session_service.append_event(stale_session_1, event_1),
+          session_service.append_event(stale_session_2, event_2),
+      )
+
+    session_final = await session_service.get_session(
+        app_name=app_name, user_id=user_id, session_id=session.id
+    )
+
+    for i in range(iteration_count):
+      assert session_final.state.get(f'sk{i}-1') == f'v{i}-1'
+      assert session_final.state.get(f'sk{i}-2') == f'v{i}-2'
+    assert len(session_final.events) == iteration_count * 2
+
+
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_get_session_with_config(session_service):
   app_name = 'my_app'