bpo-25910: Link redirections in docs (#1933)

Fixes some redirection links in docs.

Doc/distributing/index.rst

@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ Key terms
   locally.
 
 .. _setuptools: https://setuptools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
-.. _wheel: https://wheel.readthedocs.org
+.. _wheel: https://wheel.readthedocs.io/
 
 Open source licensing and collaboration
 =======================================
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ by invoking the ``pip`` module at the command line::
 The Python Packaging User Guide includes more details on the `currently
 recommended tools`_.
 
-.. _currently recommended tools: https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/current/#packaging-tool-recommendations
+.. _currently recommended tools: https://packaging.python.org/guides/tool-recommendations/#packaging-tool-recommendations
 
 Reading the guide
 =================
@@ -124,11 +124,11 @@ involved in creating a project:
 * `Uploading the project to the Python Packaging Index`_
 
 .. _Project structure: \
-   https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/distributing/
+    https://packaging.python.org/tutorials/distributing-packages/
 .. _Building and packaging the project: \
-   https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/distributing/#packaging-your-project
+   https://packaging.python.org/tutorials/distributing-packages/#packaging-your-project
 .. _Uploading the project to the Python Packaging Index: \
-   https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/distributing/#uploading-your-project-to-pypi
+   https://packaging.python.org/tutorials/distributing-packages/#uploading-your-project-to-pypi
 
 
 How do I...?
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ Python Packaging User Guide for more information and recommendations.
 .. seealso::
 
    `Python Packaging User Guide: Binary Extensions
-   <https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/extensions>`__
+   <https://packaging.python.org/guides/packaging-binary-extensions/>`__
 
 .. other topics:
 

Doc/distutils/index.rst

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ very little overhead for build/release/install mechanics.
    This guide only covers the basic tools for building and distributing
    extensions that are provided as part of this version of Python. Third party
    tools offer easier to use and more secure alternatives. Refer to the `quick
-   recommendations section <https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/current/>`__
+   recommendations section <https://packaging.python.org/guides/tool-recommendations/>`__
    in the Python Packaging User Guide for more information.
 
 .. toctree::

Doc/distutils/setupscript.rst

@@ -625,7 +625,7 @@ Notes:
 
 (7)
     The valid classifiers are listed on
-    `PyPI <http://pypi.python.org/pypi?:action=list_classifiers>`_.
+    `PyPI <https://pypi.python.org/pypi?:action=list_classifiers>`_.
 
 (8)
     To preserve backward compatibility, this field also accepts a string. If

Doc/extending/extending.rst

@@ -27,7 +27,8 @@ your system setup; details are given in later chapters.
    avoid writing C extensions and preserve portability to other implementations.
    For example, if your use case is calling C library functions or system calls,
    you should consider using the :mod:`ctypes` module or the `cffi
-   <https://cffi.readthedocs.org>`_ library rather than writing custom C code.
+   <https://cffi.readthedocs.io/>`_ library rather than writing
+   custom C code.
    These modules let you write Python code to interface with C code and are more
    portable between implementations of Python than writing and compiling a C
    extension module.

Doc/extending/index.rst

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ approaches to creating C and C++ extensions for Python.
 
 .. seealso::
 
-   `Python Packaging User Guide: Binary Extensions <https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/extensions/>`_
+   `Python Packaging User Guide: Binary Extensions <https://packaging.python.org/guides/packaging-binary-extensions/>`_
       The Python Packaging User Guide not only covers several available
       tools that simplify the creation of binary extensions, but also
       discusses the various reasons why creating an extension module may be

Doc/faq/general.rst

@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ The Python project's infrastructure is located all over the world.
 `www.python.org <https://www.python.org>`_ is graciously hosted by `Rackspace
 <https://www.rackspace.com>`_, with CDN caching provided by `Fastly
 <https://www.fastly.com>`_.  `Upfront Systems
-<http://www.upfrontsystems.co.za/>`_ hosts `bugs.python.org
+<http://www.upfrontsoftware.co.za>`_ hosts `bugs.python.org
 <https://bugs.python.org>`_.  Many other Python services like `the Wiki
 <https://wiki.python.org>`_ are hosted by `Oregon State
 University Open Source Lab <https://osuosl.org>`_.

Doc/howto/logging.rst

@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ favourite beverage and carry on.
 If your logging needs are simple, then use the above examples to incorporate
 logging into your own scripts, and if you run into problems or don't
 understand something, please post a question on the comp.lang.python Usenet
-group (available at https://groups.google.com/group/comp.lang.python) and you
+group (available at https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/comp.lang.python) and you
 should receive help before too long.
 
 Still here? You can carry on reading the next few sections, which provide a

Doc/howto/pyporting.rst

@@ -433,12 +433,12 @@ to make sure everything functions as expected in both versions of Python.
 .. _Futurize: http://python-future.org/automatic_conversion.html
 .. _importlib: https://docs.python.org/3/library/importlib.html#module-importlib
 .. _importlib2: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/importlib2
-.. _Modernize: https://python-modernize.readthedocs.org/en/latest/
+.. _Modernize: https://python-modernize.readthedocs.io/
 .. _mypy: http://mypy-lang.org/
 .. _Porting to Python 3: http://python3porting.com/
 .. _Pylint: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pylint
 
-.. _Python 3 Q & A: https://ncoghlan-devs-python-notes.readthedocs.org/en/latest/python3/questions_and_answers.html
+.. _Python 3 Q & A: https://ncoghlan-devs-python-notes.readthedocs.io/en/latest/python3/questions_and_answers.html
 
 .. _pytype: https://github.com/google/pytype
 .. _python-future: http://python-future.org/

Doc/howto/unicode.rst

@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ difficult reading.  `A chronology <http://www.unicode.org/history/>`_ of the
 origin and development of Unicode is also available on the site.
 
 To help understand the standard, Jukka Korpela has written `an introductory
-guide <https://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/unicode/guide.html>`_ to reading the
+guide <http://jkorpela.fi/unicode/guide.html>`_ to reading the
 Unicode character tables.
 
 Another `good introductory article <https://www.joelonsoftware.com/2003/10/08/the-absolute-minimum-every-software-developer-absolutely-positively-must-know-about-unicode-and-character-sets-no-excuses/>`_

Doc/howto/urllib2.rst

@@ -403,7 +403,7 @@ fetched, particularly the headers sent by the server. It is currently an
 :class:`http.client.HTTPMessage` instance.
 
 Typical headers include 'Content-length', 'Content-type', and so on. See the
-`Quick Reference to HTTP Headers <https://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/http.html>`_
+`Quick Reference to HTTP Headers <http://jkorpela.fi/http.html>`_
 for a useful listing of HTTP headers with brief explanations of their meaning
 and use.
 

Doc/install/index.rst

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ modules and extensions.
    This guide only covers the basic tools for building and distributing
    extensions that are provided as part of this version of Python. Third party
    tools offer easier to use and more secure alternatives. Refer to the `quick
-   recommendations section <https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/current/>`__
+   recommendations section <https://packaging.python.org/guides/tool-recommendations/>`__
    in the Python Packaging User Guide for more information.
 
 

Doc/installing/index.rst

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ Key terms
   repository of open source licensed packages made available for use by
   other Python users.
 * the `Python Packaging Authority
-  <https://www.pypa.io/en/latest/>`__ are the group of
+  <https://www.pypa.io/>`__ are the group of
   developers and documentation authors responsible for the maintenance and
   evolution of the standard packaging tools and the associated metadata and
   file format standards. They maintain a variety of tools, documentation,

Doc/library/ast.rst

@@ -261,5 +261,5 @@ and classes for traversing abstract syntax trees:
 
 .. seealso::
 
-    `Green Tree Snakes <https://greentreesnakes.readthedocs.org/>`_, an external documentation resource, has good
+    `Green Tree Snakes <https://greentreesnakes.readthedocs.io/>`_, an external documentation resource, has good
     details on working with Python ASTs.

Doc/library/colorsys.rst

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ spaces, the coordinates are all between 0 and 1.
 .. seealso::
 
    More information about color spaces can be found at
-   http://www.poynton.com/ColorFAQ.html and
+   http://poynton.ca/ColorFAQ.html and
    https://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/color-spaces.htm.
 
 The :mod:`colorsys` module defines the following functions:

Doc/library/hashlib.rst

@@ -562,7 +562,7 @@ on the hash function used in digital signatures.
     by the signer.
 
     (`NIST SP-800-106 "Randomized Hashing for Digital Signatures"
-    <http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-106/NIST-SP-800-106.pdf>`_)
+    <https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-106/final>`_)
 
 In BLAKE2 the salt is processed as a one-time input to the hash function during
 initialization, rather than as an input to each compression function.
@@ -728,7 +728,7 @@ Domain Dedication 1.0 Universal:
    https://blake2.net
       Official BLAKE2 website.
 
-   http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips180-2/fips180-2.pdf
+   https://csrc.nist.gov/csrc/media/publications/fips/180/2/archive/2002-08-01/documents/fips180-2.pdf
       The FIPS 180-2 publication on Secure Hash Algorithms.
 
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function#Cryptographic_hash_algorithms

Doc/library/mailbox.rst

@@ -620,7 +620,7 @@ Supported mailbox formats are Maildir, mbox, MH, Babyl, and MMDF.
    `nmh - Message Handling System <http://www.nongnu.org/nmh/>`_
       Home page of :program:`nmh`, an updated version of the original :program:`mh`.
 
-   `MH & nmh: Email for Users & Programmers <http://rand-mh.sourceforge.net/book/>`_
+   `MH & nmh: Email for Users & Programmers <https://rand-mh.sourceforge.io/book/>`_
       A GPL-licensed book on :program:`mh` and :program:`nmh`, with some information
       on the mailbox format.
 

Doc/library/math.rst

@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ Constants
    Tau is a circle constant equal to 2\ *π*, the ratio of a circle's circumference to
    its radius. To learn more about Tau, check out Vi Hart's video `Pi is (still)
    Wrong <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jG7vhMMXagQ>`_, and start celebrating
-   `Tau day <http://tauday.com/>`_ by eating twice as much pie!
+   `Tau day <https://tauday.com/>`_ by eating twice as much pie!
 
    .. versionadded:: 3.6
 

Doc/library/plistlib.rst

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ or :class:`datetime.datetime` objects.
 
 .. seealso::
 
-   `PList manual page <https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/documentation/Darwin/Reference/ManPages/man5/plist.5.html>`_
+   `PList manual page <https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/Cocoa/Conceptual/PropertyLists/>`_
       Apple's documentation of the file format.
 
 

Doc/library/ssl.rst

@@ -868,9 +868,9 @@ Constants
 .. data:: HAS_NPN
 
    Whether the OpenSSL library has built-in support for *Next Protocol
-   Negotiation* as described in the `NPN draft specification
-   <https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-agl-tls-nextprotoneg>`_. When true,
-   you can use the :meth:`SSLContext.set_npn_protocols` method to advertise
+   Negotiation* as described in the `Application Layer Protocol
+   Negotiation <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application-Layer_Protocol_Negotiation>`_.
+   When true, you can use the :meth:`SSLContext.set_npn_protocols` method to advertise
    which protocols you want to support.
 
    .. versionadded:: 3.3
@@ -1374,7 +1374,7 @@ to speed up repeated connections from the same clients.
    The *capath* string, if present, is
    the path to a directory containing several CA certificates in PEM format,
    following an `OpenSSL specific layout
-   <https://www.openssl.org/docs/man1.1.0/ssl/SSL_CTX_load_verify_locations.html>`_.
+   <https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man3/SSL_CTX_load_verify_locations.html>`_.
 
    The *cadata* object, if present, is either an ASCII string of one or more
    PEM-encoded certificates or a :term:`bytes-like object` of DER-encoded
@@ -1501,8 +1501,8 @@ to speed up repeated connections from the same clients.
    Specify which protocols the socket should advertise during the SSL/TLS
    handshake. It should be a list of strings, like ``['http/1.1', 'spdy/2']``,
    ordered by preference. The selection of a protocol will happen during the
-   handshake, and will play out according to the `NPN draft specification
-   <https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-agl-tls-nextprotoneg>`_. After a
+   handshake, and will play out according to the `Application Layer Protocol Negotiation
+   <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application-Layer_Protocol_Negotiation>`_. After a
    successful handshake, the :meth:`SSLSocket.selected_npn_protocol` method will
    return the agreed-upon protocol.
 
@@ -1663,8 +1663,7 @@ to speed up repeated connections from the same clients.
 .. method:: SSLContext.session_stats()
 
    Get statistics about the SSL sessions created or managed by this context.
-   A dictionary is returned which maps the names of each `piece of information
-   <https://www.openssl.org/docs/man1.1.0/ssl/SSL_CTX_sess_number.html>`_ to their
+   A dictionary is returned which maps the names of each `piece of information <https://www.openssl.org/docs/man1.1.0/ssl/SSL_CTX_sess_number.html>`_ to their
    numeric values.  For example, here is the total number of hits and misses
    in the session cache since the context was created::
 
@@ -2365,7 +2364,7 @@ enabled when negotiating a SSL session is possible through the
 :meth:`SSLContext.set_ciphers` method.  Starting from Python 3.2.3, the
 ssl module disables certain weak ciphers by default, but you may want
 to further restrict the cipher choice. Be sure to read OpenSSL's documentation
-about the `cipher list format <https://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#CIPHER-LIST-FORMAT>`_.
+about the `cipher list format <https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/ciphers.html#CIPHER-LIST-FORMAT>`_.
 If you want to check which ciphers are enabled by a given cipher list, use
 :meth:`SSLContext.get_ciphers` or the ``openssl ciphers`` command on your
 system.
@@ -2393,10 +2392,10 @@ successful call of :func:`~ssl.RAND_add`, :func:`~ssl.RAND_bytes` or
    `RFC 1422: Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic Mail: Part II: Certificate-Based Key Management <https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1422>`_
        Steve Kent
 
-   `RFC 4086: Randomness Requirements for Security <http://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc4086/>`_
+   `RFC 4086: Randomness Requirements for Security <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc4086/>`_
        Donald E., Jeffrey I. Schiller
 
-   `RFC 5280: Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile <http://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc5280/>`_
+   `RFC 5280: Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc5280/>`_
        D. Cooper
 
    `RFC 5246: The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2 <https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5246>`_

Doc/library/statistics.rst

@@ -257,8 +257,6 @@ However, for reading convenience, most of the examples show sorted sequences.
       * "Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences", Frederick J Gravetter and
         Larry B Wallnau (8th Edition).
 
-      * Calculating the `median <https://www.ualberta.ca/~opscan/median.html>`_.
-
       * The `SSMEDIAN
         <https://help.gnome.org/users/gnumeric/stable/gnumeric.html#gnumeric-function-SSMEDIAN>`_
         function in the Gnome Gnumeric spreadsheet, including `this discussion