# ***** BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ***** # Version: MPL 1.1/GPL 2.0/LGPL 2.1 # # The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version # 1.1 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with # the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at # http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/ # # Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" basis, # WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License # for the specific language governing rights and limitations under the # License. # # The Original Code is Google Safe Browsing. # # The Initial Developer of the Original Code is Google Inc. # Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2006 # the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved. # # Contributor(s): # Fritz Schneider (original author) # Monica Chew # # Alternatively, the contents of this file may be used under the terms of # either the GNU General Public License Version 2 or later (the "GPL"), or # the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 2.1 or later (the "LGPL"), # in which case the provisions of the GPL or the LGPL are applicable instead # of those above. If you wish to allow use of your version of this file only # under the terms of either the GPL or the LGPL, and not to allow others to # use your version of this file under the terms of the MPL, indicate your # decision by deleting the provisions above and replace them with the notice # and other provisions required by the GPL or the LGPL. If you do not delete # the provisions above, a recipient may use your version of this file under # the terms of any one of the MPL, the GPL or the LGPL. # # ***** END LICENSE BLOCK ***** // This file implements our query param encryption. You hand it a set // of query params, and it will hand you a set of (maybe) encrypted // query params back. It takes the query params you give it, // encodes and encrypts them into a encrypted query param, and adds // the extra query params the server will need to decrypt them // (e.g., the version of encryption and the decryption key). // // The key manager provides the keys we need; this class just focuses // on encrypting query params. See the url crypto key manager for // details of our protocol, but essentially encryption is // RC4_key(input) with key == MD5(K_C || nonce) where nonce is a // 32-bit integer appended big-endian and K_C is the client's key. // // If for some reason we don't have an encryption key, encrypting is the // identity function. /** * This class knows how to encrypt query parameters that will be * understood by the lookupserver. * * @constructor */ function PROT_UrlCrypto() { this.debugZone = "urlcrypto"; this.hasher_ = new G_CryptoHasher(); this.streamCipher_ = Cc["@mozilla.org/security/streamcipher;1"] .createInstance(Ci.nsIStreamCipher); if (!this.manager_) { // Create a UrlCryptoKeyManager to reads keys from profile directory if // one doesn't already exist. UrlCryptoKeyManager puts a reference to // itself on PROT_UrlCrypto.prototype (this also prevents garbage // collection). new PROT_UrlCryptoKeyManager(); } // Convenience properties this.VERSION = PROT_UrlCrypto.VERSION; this.RC4_DISCARD_BYTES = PROT_UrlCrypto.RC4_DISCARD_BYTES; this.VERSION_QUERY_PARAM_NAME = PROT_UrlCrypto.QPS.VERSION_QUERY_PARAM_NAME; this.ENCRYPTED_PARAMS_PARAM_NAME = PROT_UrlCrypto.QPS.ENCRYPTED_PARAMS_PARAM_NAME; this.COUNT_QUERY_PARAM_NAME = PROT_UrlCrypto.QPS.COUNT_QUERY_PARAM_NAME; this.WRAPPEDKEY_QUERY_PARAM_NAME = PROT_UrlCrypto.QPS.WRAPPEDKEY_QUERY_PARAM_NAME; // Properties for computing macs this.macer_ = new G_CryptoHasher(); // don't use hasher_ this.macInitialized_ = false; // Separator to prevent leakage between key and data when computing mac this.separator_ = ":coolgoog:"; this.separatorArray_ = Array.map(this.separator_, function(c) { return c.charCodeAt(0); }); } // The version of encryption we implement PROT_UrlCrypto.VERSION = "1"; PROT_UrlCrypto.RC4_DISCARD_BYTES = 1600; // The query params are we going to send to let the server know what is // encrypted, and how PROT_UrlCrypto.QPS = {}; PROT_UrlCrypto.QPS.VERSION_QUERY_PARAM_NAME = "encver"; PROT_UrlCrypto.QPS.ENCRYPTED_PARAMS_PARAM_NAME = "encparams"; PROT_UrlCrypto.QPS.COUNT_QUERY_PARAM_NAME = "nonce"; PROT_UrlCrypto.QPS.WRAPPEDKEY_QUERY_PARAM_NAME = "wrkey"; /** * @returns Reference to the keymanager (if one exists), else undefined */ PROT_UrlCrypto.prototype.getManager = function() { return this.manager_; } /** * Helper method that takes a map of query params (param name -> * value) and turns them into a query string. Note that it encodes * the values as it writes the string. * * @param params Object (map) of query names to values. Values should * not be uriencoded. * * @returns String of query params from the map. Values will be uri * encoded */ PROT_UrlCrypto.prototype.appendParams_ = function(params) { var queryString = ""; for (var param in params) queryString += "&" + param + "=" + encodeURIComponent(params[param]); return queryString; } /** * Encrypt a set of query params if we can. If we can, we return a new * set of query params that should be added to a query string. The set * of query params WILL BE different than the input query params if we * can encrypt (e.g., there will be extra query params with meta- * information such as the version of encryption we're using). If we * can't encrypt, we just return the query params we're passed. * * @param params Object (map) of query param names to values. Values should * not be uriencoded. * * @returns Object (map) of query param names to values. Values are NOT * uriencoded; the caller should encode them as it writes them * to a proper query string. */ PROT_UrlCrypto.prototype.maybeCryptParams = function(params) { if (!this.manager_) throw new Error("Need a key manager for UrlCrypto"); if (typeof params != "object") throw new Error("params is an associative array of name/value params"); var clientKeyArray = this.manager_.getClientKeyArray(); var wrappedKey = this.manager_.getWrappedKey(); // No keys? Can't encrypt. Damn. if (!clientKeyArray || !wrappedKey) { G_Debug(this, "No key; can't encrypt query params"); return params; } // Serialize query params to a query string that we will then // encrypt and place in a special query param the front-end knows is // encrypted. var queryString = this.appendParams_(params); // Nonce, really. We want 32 bits; make it so. var counter = this.getCount_(); counter = counter & 0xFFFFFFFF; var encrypted = this.encryptV1(clientKeyArray, this.VERSION, counter, queryString); params = {}; params[this.VERSION_QUERY_PARAM_NAME] = this.VERSION; params[this.COUNT_QUERY_PARAM_NAME] = counter; params[this.WRAPPEDKEY_QUERY_PARAM_NAME] = wrappedKey; params[this.ENCRYPTED_PARAMS_PARAM_NAME] = encrypted; return params; } /** * Encrypts text and returns a base64 string of the results. * * This method runs in about ~2ms on a 2Ghz P4. (Turn debugging off if * you see it much slower). * * @param clientKeyArray Array of bytes (numbers in [0,255]) composing K_C * * @param version String indicating the version of encryption we should use. * * @param counter Number that acts as a nonce for this encryption * * @param text String to be encrypted * * @returns String containing the websafe base64-encoded ciphertext */ PROT_UrlCrypto.prototype.encryptV1 = function(clientKeyArray, version, counter, text) { // We're a version1 encrypter, after all if (version != "1") throw new Error("Unknown encryption version"); var key = this.deriveEncryptionKey(clientKeyArray, counter); this.streamCipher_.init(key); if (this.RC4_DISCARD_BYTES > 0) this.streamCipher_.discard(this.RC4_DISCARD_BYTES); this.streamCipher_.updateFromString(text); var encrypted = this.streamCipher_.finish(true /* base64 encoded */); // The base64 version we get has new lines, we want to remove those. return encrypted.replace(/\r\n/g, ""); } /** * Create an encryption key from K_C and a nonce * * @param clientKeyArray Array of bytes comprising K_C * * @param count Number that acts as a nonce for this key * * @return nsIKeyObject */ PROT_UrlCrypto.prototype.deriveEncryptionKey = function(clientKeyArray, count) { G_Assert(this, clientKeyArray instanceof Array, "Client key should be an array of bytes"); G_Assert(this, typeof count == "number", "Count should be a number"); // Don't clobber the client key by appending the nonce; use another array var paddingArray = []; paddingArray.push(count >> 24); paddingArray.push((count >> 16) & 0xFF); paddingArray.push((count >> 8) & 0xFF); paddingArray.push(count & 0xFF); this.hasher_.init(G_CryptoHasher.algorithms.MD5); this.hasher_.updateFromArray(clientKeyArray); this.hasher_.updateFromArray(paddingArray); // Create the nsIKeyObject var keyFactory = Cc["@mozilla.org/security/keyobjectfactory;1"] .getService(Ci.nsIKeyObjectFactory); var key = keyFactory.keyFromString(Ci.nsIKeyObject.RC4, this.hasher_.digestRaw()); return key; } /** * Return a new nonce for us to use. Rather than keeping a counter and * the headaches that entails, just use the low ms since the epoch. * * @returns 32-bit number that is the nonce to use for this encryption */ PROT_UrlCrypto.prototype.getCount_ = function() { return ((new Date).getTime() & 0xFFFFFFFF); } /** * Init the mac. This function is called by WireFormatReader if the update * server has sent along a mac param. The caller must not call initMac again * before calling finishMac; instead, the caller should just use another * UrlCrypto object. * * @param opt_clientKeyArray Optional clientKeyArray, for testing */ PROT_UrlCrypto.prototype.initMac = function(opt_clientKeyArray) { if (this.macInitialized_) { throw new Error("Can't interleave calls to initMac. Please use another " + "UrlCrypto object."); } this.macInitialized_ = true; var clientKeyArray = null; if (!!opt_clientKeyArray) { clientKeyArray = opt_clientKeyArray; } else { clientKeyArray = this.manager_.getClientKeyArray(); } // Don't re-use this.hasher_, in case someone calls deriveEncryptionKey // between initMac and finishMac this.macer_.init(G_CryptoHasher.algorithms.MD5); this.macer_.updateFromArray(clientKeyArray); this.macer_.updateFromArray(this.separatorArray_); } /** * Add a line to the mac. Called by WireFormatReader.processLine. Not thread * safe. * * @param s The string to add */ PROT_UrlCrypto.prototype.updateMacFromString = function(s) { if (!this.macInitialized_) { throw new Error ("Initialize mac first"); } var stream = Cc['@mozilla.org/io/string-input-stream;1'] .createInstance(Ci.nsIStringInputStream); stream.setData(s, s.length); if (stream.available() > 0) this.macer_.updateFromStream(stream); } /** * Finish up computing the mac. Not thread safe. * * @param opt_clientKeyArray Optional clientKeyArray, for testing */ PROT_UrlCrypto.prototype.finishMac = function(opt_clientKeyArray) { var clientKeyArray = null; if (!!opt_clientKeyArray) { clientKeyArray = opt_clientKeyArray; } else { clientKeyArray = this.manager_.getClientKeyArray(); } if (!this.macInitialized_) { throw new Error ("Initialize mac first"); } this.macer_.updateFromArray(this.separatorArray_); this.macer_.updateFromArray(clientKeyArray); this.macInitialized_ = false; return this.macer_.digestBase64(); } /** * Compute a mac over the whole data string, and return the base64-encoded * string * * @param data A string * @param opt_outputRaw True for raw output, false for base64 * @param opt_clientKeyArray An optional key to pass in for testing * @param opt_separatorArray An optional separator array to pass in for testing * @returns MD5(key+separator+data+separator+key) */ PROT_UrlCrypto.prototype.computeMac = function(data, opt_outputRaw, opt_clientKeyArray, opt_separatorArray) { var clientKeyArray = null; var separatorArray = null; // Get keys and such for testing if (!!opt_clientKeyArray) { clientKeyArray = opt_clientKeyArray; } else { clientKeyArray = this.manager_.getClientKeyArray(); } if (!!opt_separatorArray) { separatorArray = opt_separatorArray; } else { separatorArray = this.separatorArray_; } this.macer_.init(G_CryptoHasher.algorithms.MD5); this.macer_.updateFromArray(clientKeyArray); this.macer_.updateFromArray(separatorArray); var stream = Cc['@mozilla.org/io/string-input-stream;1'] .createInstance(Ci.nsIStringInputStream); stream.setData(data, data.length); if (stream.available() > 0) this.macer_.updateFromStream(stream); this.macer_.updateFromArray(separatorArray); this.macer_.updateFromArray(clientKeyArray); if (!!opt_outputRaw) { return this.macer_.digestRaw(); } return this.macer_.digestBase64(); } #ifdef DEBUG /** * Cheeseball unittest */ function TEST_PROT_UrlCrypto() { if (G_GDEBUG) { var z = "urlcrypto UNITTEST"; G_debugService.enableZone(z); G_Debug(z, "Starting"); // We set keys on the keymanager to ensure data flows properly, so // make sure we can clean up after it var kf = "test.txt"; function removeTestFile(f) { var file = Cc["@mozilla.org/file/directory_service;1"] .getService(Ci.nsIProperties) .get("ProfD", Ci.nsILocalFile); /* profile directory */ file.append(f); if (file.exists()) file.remove(false /* do not recurse */ ); }; removeTestFile(kf); var km = new PROT_UrlCryptoKeyManager(kf, true /* testing */); // Test operation when it's not intialized var c = new PROT_UrlCrypto(); var fakeManager = { getClientKeyArray: function() { return null; }, getWrappedKey: function() { return null; }, }; c.manager_ = fakeManager; var params = { foo: "bar", baz: "bomb", }; G_Assert(z, c.maybeCryptParams(params)["foo"] === "bar", "How can we encrypt if we don't have a key?"); c.manager_ = km; G_Assert(z, c.maybeCryptParams(params)["foo"] === "bar", "Again, how can we encrypt if we don't have a key?"); // Now we have a key! See if we can get a crypted url var realResponse = "clientkey:24:dtmbEN1kgN/LmuEoYifaFw==\n" + "wrappedkey:24:MTpPH3pnLDKihecOci+0W5dk"; km.onGetKeyResponse(realResponse); var crypted = c.maybeCryptParams(params); G_Assert(z, crypted["foo"] === undefined, "We have a key but can't crypt"); G_Assert(z, crypted["bomb"] === undefined, "We have a key but can't crypt"); // Now check to make sure all the expected query params are there for (var p in PROT_UrlCrypto.QPS) G_Assert(z, crypted[PROT_UrlCrypto.QPS[p]] != undefined, "Output query params doesn't have: " + PROT_UrlCrypto.QPS[p]); // Now test that encryption is determinisitic // Some helper functions function arrayEquals(a1, a2) { if (a1.length != a2.length) return false; for (var i = 0; i < a1.length; i++) if (typeof a1[i] != typeof a2[i] || a1[i] != a2[i]) return false; return true; }; function arrayAsString(a) { var s = "["; for (var i = 0; i < a.length; i++) s += a[i] + ","; return s + "]"; }; function printArray(a) { var s = arrayAsString(a); G_Debug(z, s); }; var keySizeBytes = km.clientKeyArray_.length; var startCrypt = (new Date).getTime(); var numCrypts = 0; // Helper function to arrayify string. function toCharCode(c) { return c.charCodeAt(0); } // Set this to true for extended testing var doLongTest = false; if (doLongTest) { // Now run it through its paces. For a variety of keys of a // variety of lengths, and a variety of coutns, encrypt // plaintexts of different lengths // For a variety of key lengths... for (var i = 0; i < 2 * keySizeBytes; i++) { var clientKeyArray = []; // For a variety of keys... for (var j = 0; j < keySizeBytes; j++) clientKeyArray[j] = i + j; // For a variety of counts... for (var count = 0; count < 40; count++) { var payload = ""; // For a variety of plaintexts of different lengths for (var payloadPadding = 0; payloadPadding < count; payloadPadding++) payload += "a"; var plaintext1 = Array.map(payload, toCharCode); var plaintext2 = Array.map(payload, toCharCode); var plaintext3 = Array.map(payload, toCharCode); // Verify that encryption is deterministic given set parameters numCrypts++; var ciphertext1 = c.encryptV1(clientKeyArray, "1", count, plaintext1); numCrypts++; var ciphertext2 = c.encryptV1(clientKeyArray, "1", count, plaintext2); G_Assert(z, ciphertext1 === ciphertext2, "Two plaintexts having different ciphertexts:" + ciphertext1 + " " + ciphertext2); numCrypts++; // Now verify that it is symmetrical var b64arr = Array.map(atob(ciphertext2), toCharCode); var ciphertext3 = c.encryptV1(clientKeyArray, "1", count, b64arr, true /* websafe */); // note: ciphertext3 was websafe - reverting to plain base64 first var b64str = atob(ciphertext3).replace(/-/g, "+").replace(/_/g, "/"); b64arr = Array.map(b64str, toCharCode) G_Assert(z, arrayEquals(plaintext3, b64arr), "Encryption and decryption not symmetrical"); } } // Output some interesting info var endCrypt = (new Date).getTime(); var totalMS = endCrypt - startCrypt; G_Debug(z, "Info: Did " + numCrypts + " encryptions in " + totalMS + "ms, for an average of " + (totalMS / numCrypts) + "ms per crypt()"); } // Now check for compatability with C++ var ciphertexts = {}; // Generated below, and tested in C++ as well. Ciphertexts is a map // from substring lengths to encrypted values. ciphertexts[0]=""; ciphertexts[1]="dA=="; ciphertexts[2]="akY="; ciphertexts[3]="u5mV"; ciphertexts[4]="bhtioQ=="; ciphertexts[5]="m2wSZnQ="; ciphertexts[6]="zd6gWyDO"; ciphertexts[7]="bBN0WVrlCg=="; ciphertexts[8]="Z6U_6bMelFM="; ciphertexts[9]="UVoiytL-gHzp"; ciphertexts[10]="3Xr_ZMmdmvg7zw=="; ciphertexts[11]="PIIyif7NFRS57mY="; ciphertexts[12]="QEKXrRWdZ3poJVSp"; ciphertexts[13]="T3zsAsooHuAnflNsNQ=="; ciphertexts[14]="qgYtOJjZSIByo0KtOG0="; ciphertexts[15]="NsEGHGK6Ju6FjD59Byai"; ciphertexts[16]="1RVIsC0HYoUEycoA_0UL2w=="; ciphertexts[17]="0xXe6Lsb1tZ79T96AJTT-ps="; ciphertexts[18]="cVXQCYoA4RV8t1CODXuCS88y"; ciphertexts[19]="hVf4pd4WP4wPwSyqEXRRkQZSQA=="; ciphertexts[20]="F6Y9MHwhd1e-bDHhqNSonZbR2Sg="; ciphertexts[21]="TiMClYbLUdyYweW8IDytU_HD2wTM"; ciphertexts[22]="tYQtNqz83KXE4eqn6GhAu6ZZ23SqYw=="; ciphertexts[23]="qjL-dMpiQ2LYgkYT5IfmE1FlN36wHek="; ciphertexts[24]="cL7HHiOZ9PbkvZ9yrJLiv4HXcw4Nf7y7"; ciphertexts[25]="k4I-fdR6CyzxOpR_QEG5rnvPB8IbmRnpFg=="; ciphertexts[26]="7LjCfA1dCMjAVT_O8DpiTQ0G7igwQ1HTUMU="; ciphertexts[27]="CAtijc6nB-REwAkqimToMn8RC_eZAaJy9Gn4"; ciphertexts[28]="z8sEB1lDI32wsOkgYbVZ5pxIbpCrha9BmcqxFQ=="; ciphertexts[29]="2eysfzsfGav0vPRsSnFl8H8fg9dQCT_bSiZwno0="; ciphertexts[30]="2BBNlF_mtV9TB2jZHHqCAtzkJQFdVKFn7N8YxsI9"; ciphertexts[31]="9h4-nldHAr77Boks7lPzsi8TwVCIQzSkiJp2xatbGg=="; ciphertexts[32]="DHTB8bDTXpUIrZ2ZlAujXLi-501NoWUVIEQJLaKCpqQ="; ciphertexts[33]="E9Av2GgnZg_q5r-JLSzM_ShCu1yPF2VeCaQfPPXSSE4I"; ciphertexts[34]="UJzEucVBnGEfRNBQ6tvbaro0_I_-mQeJMpU2zQnfFdBuFg=="; ciphertexts[35]="_p0OYras-Vn2rQ9X-J0dFRnhCfytuTEjheUTU7Ueaf1rIA4="; ciphertexts[36]="Q0nZXFPJbpx1WZPP-lLPuSGR-pD08B4CAW-6Uf0eEkS05-oM"; ciphertexts[37]="XeKfieZGc9bPh7nRtCgujF8OY14zbIZSK20Lwg1HTpHi9HfXVQ=="; var clientKey = "dtmbEN1kgN/LmuEoYifaFw=="; var clientKeyArray = Array.map(atob(clientKey), toCharCode); // wrappedKey was "MTpPH3pnLDKihecOci+0W5dk" var count = 0xFEDCBA09; var plaintext = "http://www.foobar.com/this?is&some=url"; // For every substring of the plaintext, change the count and verify // that we get what we expect when we encrypt for (var i = 0; i < plaintext.length; i++) { var plaintextArray = Array.map(plaintext.slice(0, i), toCharCode); var crypted = c.encryptV1(clientKeyArray, "1", count + i, plaintextArray); G_Assert(z, crypted === ciphertexts[i], "Generated unexpected ciphertext"); // Uncomment to generate // dump("\nciphertexts[" + i + "]=\"" + crypted + "\";"); } // Cribbed from the MD5 rfc to make sure we're computing plain'ol md5 // values correctly // http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc1321.html var md5texts = [ "", "a", "abc", "message digest", "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz", "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789", "12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890" ]; var md5digests = [ "d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e", "0cc175b9c0f1b6a831c399e269772661", "900150983cd24fb0d6963f7d28e17f72", "f96b697d7cb7938d525a2f31aaf161d0", "c3fcd3d76192e4007dfb496cca67e13b", "d174ab98d277d9f5a5611c2c9f419d9f", "57edf4a22be3c955ac49da2e2107b67a" ]; var expected_mac = []; expected_mac[0] = "ZOJ6Mk+ccC6R7BwseqCYQQ=="; expected_mac[1] = "zWM7tvcsuH/MSEviNiRbOA=="; expected_mac[2] = "ZAUVyls/6ZVN3Np8v3pX3g=="; expected_mac[3] = "Zq6gF7RkPwKqlicuxrO4mg=="; expected_mac[4] = "/LOJETSnqSW3q4u1hs/0Pg=="; expected_mac[5] = "jjOEX7H2uchOznxIGuqzJg=="; expected_mac[6] = "Tje7aP/Rk/gkSH4he0KMQQ=="; // Check plain'ol MD5 var hasher = new G_CryptoHasher(); for (var i = 0; i < md5texts.length; i++) { var computedMac = c.computeMac(md5texts[i], true /* output raw */, [], []); var hex = hasher.toHex_(computedMac).toLowerCase(); G_Assert(z, hex == md5digests[i], "MD5(" + md5texts[i] + ") = " + md5digests[i] + ", not " + hex); } for (var i = 0; i < md5texts.length; i++) { var computedMac = c.computeMac(md5texts[i], false /* output Base64 */, clientKeyArray); G_Assert(z, computedMac == expected_mac[i], "Wrong mac generated for " + md5texts[i]); // Uncomment to generate // dump("\nexpected_mac[" + i + "] = \"" + computedMac + "\";"); } // Now check if adding line by line is the same as computing over the whole // thing var wholeString = md5texts[0] + md5texts[1]; var wholeStringMac = c.computeMac(wholeString, false /* output Base64 */, clientKeyArray); expected_mac = "zWM7tvcsuH/MSEviNiRbOA=="; c.initMac(clientKeyArray); c.updateMacFromString(md5texts[0]); c.updateMacFromString(md5texts[1]); var piecemealMac = c.finishMac(clientKeyArray); G_Assert(z, piecemealMac == wholeStringMac, "Computed different values for mac when adding line by line!"); G_Assert(z, piecemealMac == expected_mac, "Didn't generate expected mac"); // Tested also in cheesey-test-frontend.sh and urlcrypto_unittest.cc on // the server side expected_mac = "iA5vLUidpXAPwfcAH9+8OQ=="; var set3data = ""; for (var i = 1; i <= 3; i++) { set3data += "+white" + i + ".com\t1\n"; } var computedMac = c.computeMac(set3data, false /*Base64*/, clientKeyArray); G_Assert(z, expected_mac == computedMac, "Expected " + expected_mac, " got " + computedMac); removeTestFile(kf); G_Debug(z, "PASS"); } } #endif