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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../index.html">Introduction</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../installation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Installation</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../build.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Build from source</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../contributing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Contributing</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../test_coverage.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> GNU test coverage</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../extensions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Extensions</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><li class="part-title">Reference</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../multicall.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Multi-call binary</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a 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<h1 id="dd"><a class="header" href="#dd">dd</a></h1>
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<div class="version">v0.0.17
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<pre><code>dd [OPERAND]...
dd OPTION
</code></pre>
<p>Copy, and optionally convert, a file system resource</p>
<h2 id="options"><a class="header" href="#options">Options</a></h2>
<dl><dt></dt>
<dd>
</dd>
<dt><code>--help</code>, <code>-h</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Print help information</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>--version</code>, <code>-V</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Print version information</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>OPERANDS:</p>
<pre><code>bs=BYTES read and write up to BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512);
overwrites ibs and obs.
cbs=BYTES the 'conversion block size' in bytes. Applies to
the conv=block, and conv=unblock operations.
conv=CONVS a comma-separated list of conversion options or
(for legacy reasons) file flags.
count=N stop reading input after N ibs-sized read operations rather
than proceeding until EOF. See iflag=count_bytes if stopping
after N bytes is preferred
ibs=N the size of buffer used for reads (default: 512)
if=FILE the file used for input. When not specified, stdin is used instead
iflag=FLAGS a comma-separated list of input flags which specify how the input
source is treated. FLAGS may be any of the input-flags or
general-flags specified below.
skip=N (or iseek=N) skip N ibs-sized records into input before beginning
copy/convert operations. See iflag=seek_bytes if seeking N bytes
is preferred.
obs=N the size of buffer used for writes (default: 512)
of=FILE the file used for output. When not specified, stdout is used
instead
oflag=FLAGS comma separated list of output flags which specify how the output
source is treated. FLAGS may be any of the output flags or
general flags specified below
seek=N (or oseek=N) seeks N obs-sized records into output before
beginning copy/convert operations. See oflag=seek_bytes if
seeking N bytes is preferred
status=LEVEL controls whether volume and performance stats are written to
stderr.
When unspecified, dd will print stats upon completion. An example is below.
6+0 records in
16+0 records out
8192 bytes (8.2 kB, 8.0 KiB) copied, 0.00057009 s, 14.4 MB/s
The first two lines are the 'volume' stats and the final line is
the 'performance' stats.
The volume stats indicate the number of complete and partial
ibs-sized reads, or obs-sized writes that took place during the
copy. The format of the volume stats is
&lt;complete&gt;+&lt;partial&gt;. If records have been truncated (see
conv=block), the volume stats will contain the number of
truncated records.
Possible LEVEL values are:
progress: Print periodic performance stats as the copy
proceeds.
noxfer: Print final volume stats, but not performance stats.
none: Do not print any stats.
Printing performance stats is also triggered by the INFO signal
(where supported), or the USR1 signal. Setting the
POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable to any value (including an
empty value) will cause the USR1 signal to be ignored.
</code></pre>
<p>CONVERSION OPTIONS:</p>
<pre><code>ascii convert from EBCDIC to ASCII. This is the inverse of the 'ebcdic'
option. Implies conv=unblock.
ebcdic convert from ASCII to EBCDIC. This is the inverse of the 'ascii'
option. Implies conv=block.
ibm convert from ASCII to EBCDIC, applying the conventions for '[', ']'
and '~' specified in POSIX. Implies conv=block.
ucase convert from lower-case to upper-case
lcase converts from upper-case to lower-case.
block for each newline less than the size indicated by cbs=BYTES, remove
the newline and pad with spaces up to cbs. Lines longer than cbs are
truncated.
unblock for each block of input of the size indicated by cbs=BYTES, remove
right-trailing spaces and replace with a newline character.
sparse attempts to seek the output when an obs-sized block consists of only
zeros.
swab swaps each adjacent pair of bytes. If an odd number of bytes is
present, the final byte is omitted.
sync pad each ibs-sided block with zeros. If 'block' or 'unblock' is
specified, pad with spaces instead.
excl the output file must be created. Fail if the output file is already
present.
nocreat the output file will not be created. Fail if the output file in not
already present.
notrunc the output file will not be truncated. If this option is not
present, output will be truncated when opened.
noerror all read errors will be ignored. If this option is not present, dd
will only ignore Error::Interrupted.
fdatasync data will be written before finishing.
fsync data and metadata will be written before finishing.
</code></pre>
<p>INPUT FLAGS:</p>
<pre><code>count_bytes a value to count=N will be interpreted as bytes.
skip_bytes a value to skip=N will be interpreted as bytes.
fullblock wait for ibs bytes from each read. zero-length reads are still
considered EOF.
</code></pre>
<p>OUTPUT FLAGS:</p>
<pre><code>append open file in append mode. Consider setting conv=notrunc as well.
seek_bytes a value to seek=N will be interpreted as bytes.
</code></pre>
<p>GENERAL FLAGS:</p>
<pre><code>direct use direct I/O for data.
directory fail unless the given input (if used as an iflag) or output (if used
as an oflag) is a directory.
dsync use synchronized I/O for data.
sync use synchronized I/O for data and metadata.
nonblock use non-blocking I/O.
noatime do not update access time.
nocache request that OS drop cache.
noctty do not assign a controlling tty.
nofollow do not follow system links.
</code></pre>
<h2 id="examples"><a class="header" href="#examples">Examples</a></h2>
<p>Make a bootable USB drive from an isohybrid file (such like <code>archlinux-xxx.iso</code>):</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">dd if={{path/to/file.iso}} of=/dev/{{usb_drive}}
</code></pre>
<p>Clone a drive to another drive with 4 MiB block and ignore error:</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">dd if=/dev/{{source_drive}} of=/dev/{{dest_drive}} bs={{4194304}} conv={{noerror}}
</code></pre>
<p>Generate a file of 100 random bytes by using kernel random driver:</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">dd if=/dev/urandom of={{path/to/random_file}} bs={{100}} count={{1}}
</code></pre>
<p>Benchmark the write performance of a disk:</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">dd if=/dev/zero of={{path/to/file_1GB}} bs={{1024}} count={{1000000}}
</code></pre>
<p>Generate a system backup into an IMG file:</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">dd if={{/dev/drive_device}} of={{path/to/file.img}}
</code></pre>
<p>Restore a drive from an IMG file:</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">dd if={{path/to/file.img}} of={{/dev/drive_device}}
</code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>The examples are provided by the <a href="https://tldr.sh">tldr-pages project</a> under the <a href="https://github.com/tldr-pages/tldr/blob/main/LICENSE.md">CC BY 4.0 License</a>.</p>
<p>Please note that, as uutils is a work in progress, some examples might fail.</p>
</blockquote>
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