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<HTML>
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<TITLE>Using the Garbage Collector: A simple example</title>
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</head>
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<BODY>
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<H1>Using the Garbage Collector: A simple example</h1>
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The following consists of step-by-step instructions for building and
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using the collector. We'll assume a Linux/gcc platform and
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a single-threaded application. <FONT COLOR=green>The green
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text contains information about other platforms or scenarios.
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It can be skipped, especially on first reading</font>.
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<H2>Building the collector</h2>
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If you haven't already so, unpack the collector and enter
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the newly created directory with
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<PRE>
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tar xvfz gc<version>.tar.gz
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cd gc<version>
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</pre>
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<P>
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You can configure, build, and install the collector in a private
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directory, say /home/xyz/gc, with the following commands:
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<PRE>
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./configure --prefix=/home/xyz/gc --disable-threads
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make
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make check
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make install
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</pre>
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Here the "<TT>make check</tt>" command is optional, but highly recommended.
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It runs a basic correctness test which usually takes well under a minute.
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<FONT COLOR=green>
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<H3>Other platforms</h3>
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On non-Unix, non-Linux platforms, the collector is usually built by copying
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the appropriate makefile (see the platform-specific README in doc/README.xxx
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in the distribution) to the file "Makefile" (overwriting the copy of
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Makefile.direct that was originally there), and then typing "make"
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(or "nmake" or ...). This builds the library in the source tree. You may
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want to move it and the files in the include directory to a more convenient
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place.
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<P>
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If you use a makefile that does not require running a configure script,
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you should first look at the makefile, and adjust any options that are
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documented there.
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<P>
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If your platform provides a "make" utility, that is generally preferred
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to platform- and compiler- dependent "project" files. (At least that is the
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strong preference of the would-be maintainer of those project files.)
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<H3>Threads</h3>
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If you need thread support, configure the collector with
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<PRE>
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--enable-threads=posix --enable-thread-local-alloc --enable-parallel-mark
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</pre>
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instead of
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<TT>--disable-threads</tt>
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If your target is a real old-fashioned uniprocessor (no "hyperthreading",
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etc.) you will want to omit <TT>--enable-parallel-mark</tt>.
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<H3>C++</h3>
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You will need to include the C++ support, which unfortunately tends to
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be among the least portable parts of the collector, since it seems
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to rely on some corner cases of the language. On Linux, it
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suffices to add <TT>--enable-cplusplus</tt> to the configure options.
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</font>
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<H2>Writing the program</h2>
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You will need a
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<PRE>
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#include "gc.h"
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</pre>
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at the beginning of every file that allocates memory through the
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garbage collector. Call <TT>GC_MALLOC</tt> wherever you would
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have call <TT>malloc</tt>. This initializes memory to zero like
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<TT>calloc</tt>; there is no need to explicitly clear the
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result.
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<P>
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If you know that an object will not contain pointers to the
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garbage-collected heap, and you don't need it to be initialized,
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call <TT>GC_MALLOC_ATOMIC</tt> instead.
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<P>
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A function <TT>GC_FREE</tt> is provided but need not be called.
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For very small objects, your program will probably perform better if
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you do not call it, and let the collector do its job.
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<P>
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A <TT>GC_REALLOC</tt> function behaves like the C library <TT>realloc</tt>.
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It allocates uninitialized pointer-free memory if the original
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object was allocated that way.
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<P>
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The following program <TT>loop.c</tt> is a trivial example:
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<PRE>
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#include "gc.h"
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#include <assert.h>
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#include <stdio.h>
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int main()
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{
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int i;
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GC_INIT(); /* Optional on Linux/X86; see below. */
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for (i = 0; i < 10000000; ++i)
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{
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int **p = (int **) GC_MALLOC(sizeof(int *));
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int *q = (int *) GC_MALLOC_ATOMIC(sizeof(int));
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assert(*p == 0);
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*p = (int *) GC_REALLOC(q, 2 * sizeof(int));
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if (i % 100000 == 0)
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printf("Heap size = %d\n", GC_get_heap_size());
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}
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return 0;
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}
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</pre>
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<FONT COLOR=green>
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<H3>Interaction with the system malloc</h3>
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It is usually best not to mix garbage-collected allocation with the system
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<TT>malloc-free</tt>. If you do, you need to be careful not to store
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pointers to the garbage-collected heap in memory allocated with the system
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<TT>malloc</tt>.
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<H3>Other Platforms</h3>
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On some other platforms it is necessary to call <TT>GC_INIT()</tt> from the main program,
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which is presumed to be part of the main executable, not a dynamic library.
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This can never hurt, and is thus generally good practice.
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<H3>Threads</h3>
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For a multithreaded program some more rules apply:
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<UL>
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<LI>
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Files that either allocate through the GC <I>or make thread-related calls</i>
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should first define the macro <TT>GC_THREADS</tt>, and then
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include <TT>"gc.h"</tt>. On some platforms this will redefine some
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threads primitives, e.g. to let the collector keep track of thread creation.
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<LI>
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To take advantage of fast thread-local allocation, use the following instead
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of including <TT>gc.h</tt>:
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<PRE>
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#define GC_REDIRECT_TO_LOCAL
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#include "gc_local_alloc.h"
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</pre>
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This will cause GC_MALLOC and GC_MALLOC_ATOMIC to keep per-thread allocation
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caches, and greatly reduce the number of lock acquisitions during allocation.
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</ul>
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<H3>C++</h3>
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In the case of C++, you need to be especially careful not to store pointers
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to the garbage-collected heap in areas that are not traced by the collector.
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The collector includes some <A HREF="gcinterface.html">alternate interfaces</a>
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to make that easier.
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<H3>Debugging</h3>
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Additional debug checks can be performed by defining <TT>GC_DEBUG</tt> before
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including <TT>gc.h</tt>. Additional options are available if the collector
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is also built with <TT>--enable-full_debug</tt> and all allocations are
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performed with <TT>GC_DEBUG</tt> defined.
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<H3>What if I can't rewrite/recompile my program?</h3>
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You may be able to build the collector with <TT>--enable-redirect-malloc</tt>
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and set the <TT>LD_PRELOAD</tt> environment variable to point to the resulting
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library, thus replacing the standard <TT>malloc</tt> with its garbage-collected
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counterpart. This is rather platform dependent. See the
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<A HREF="leak.html">leak detection documentation</a> for some more details.
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</font>
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<H2>Compiling and linking</h2>
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The above application <TT>loop.c</tt> test program can be compiled and linked
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with
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<PRE>
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cc -I/home/xyz/gc/include loop.c /home/xyz/gc/lib/libgc.a -o loop
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</pre>
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The <TT>-I</tt> option directs the compiler to the right include
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directory. In this case, we list the static library
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directly on the compile line; the dynamic library could have been
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used instead, provided we arranged for the dynamic loader to find
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it, e.g. by setting <TT>LD_LIBRARY_PATH</tt>.
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<FONT COLOR=green>
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<H3>Threads</h3>
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On pthread platforms, you will of course also have to link with
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<TT>-lpthread</tt>,
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and compile with any thread-safety options required by your compiler.
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On some platforms, you may also need to link with <TT>-ldl</tt>
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or <TT>-lrt</tt>.
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Looking at threadlibs.c in the GC build directory
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should give you the appropriate
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list if a plain <TT>-lpthread</tt> doesn't work.
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</font>
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<H2>Running the executable</h2>
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The executable can of course be run normally, e.g. by typing
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<PRE>
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./loop
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</pre>
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The operation of the collector is affected by a number of environment variables.
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For example, setting <TT>GC_PRINT_STATS</tt> produces some
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GC statistics on stdout.
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See <TT>README.environment</tt> in the distribution for details.
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</body>
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</html>
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