linux-packaging-mono/mcs/mcs/ecore.cs

//
// ecore.cs: Core of the Expression representation for the intermediate tree.
//
// Author:
//   Miguel de Icaza (miguel@ximian.com)
//   Marek Safar (marek.safar@gmail.com)
//
// Copyright 2001, 2002, 2003 Ximian, Inc.
// Copyright 2003-2008 Novell, Inc.
// Copyright 2011-2012 Xamarin Inc.
//
//

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Text;
using SLE = System.Linq.Expressions;
using System.Linq;

#if STATIC
using IKVM.Reflection;
using IKVM.Reflection.Emit;
#else
using System.Reflection;
using System.Reflection.Emit;
#endif

namespace Mono.CSharp {

	/// <remarks>
	///   The ExprClass class contains the is used to pass the 
	///   classification of an expression (value, variable, namespace,
	///   type, method group, property access, event access, indexer access,
	///   nothing).
	/// </remarks>
	public enum ExprClass : byte {
		Unresolved	= 0,
		
		Value,
		Variable,
		Namespace,
		Type,
		TypeParameter,
		MethodGroup,
		PropertyAccess,
		EventAccess,
		IndexerAccess,
		Nothing,
	}

	/// <remarks>
	///   This is used to tell Resolve in which types of expressions we're
	///   interested.
	/// </remarks>
	[Flags]
	public enum ResolveFlags {
		// Returns Value, Variable, PropertyAccess, EventAccess or IndexerAccess.
		VariableOrValue		= 1,

		// Returns a type expression.
		Type			= 1 << 1,

		// Returns a method group.
		MethodGroup		= 1 << 2,

		TypeParameter	= 1 << 3,

		// Mask of all the expression class flags.
		MaskExprClass = VariableOrValue | Type | MethodGroup | TypeParameter,
	}

	//
	// This is just as a hint to AddressOf of what will be done with the
	// address.
	[Flags]
	public enum AddressOp {
		Store = 1,
		Load  = 2,
		LoadStore = 3
	};
	
	/// <summary>
	///   This interface is implemented by variables
	/// </summary>
	public interface IMemoryLocation {
		/// <summary>
		///   The AddressOf method should generate code that loads
		///   the address of the object and leaves it on the stack.
		///
		///   The `mode' argument is used to notify the expression
		///   of whether this will be used to read from the address or
		///   write to the address.
		///
		///   This is just a hint that can be used to provide good error
		///   reporting, and should have no other side effects. 
		/// </summary>
		void AddressOf (EmitContext ec, AddressOp mode);
	}

	//
	// An expressions resolved as a direct variable reference
	//
	public interface IVariableReference : IFixedExpression
	{
		bool IsHoisted { get; }
		string Name { get; }
		VariableInfo VariableInfo { get; }

		void SetHasAddressTaken ();
	}

	//
	// Implemented by an expression which could be or is always
	// fixed
	//
	public interface IFixedExpression
	{
		bool IsFixed { get; }
	}

	public interface IExpressionCleanup
	{
		void EmitCleanup (EmitContext ec);
	}

	/// <remarks>
	///   Base class for expressions
	/// </remarks>
	public abstract class Expression
	{
		public ExprClass eclass;
		protected TypeSpec type;
		protected Location loc;

		public TypeSpec Type {
			get { return type; }
			set { type = value; }
		}

		public virtual bool IsSideEffectFree {
			get {
				return false;
			}
		}

		public Location Location {
			get { return loc; }
		}

		public virtual bool IsNull {
			get {
				return false;
			}
		}

		//
		// Used to workaround parser limitation where we cannot get
		// start of statement expression location
		//
		public virtual Location StartLocation {
			get {
				return loc;
			}
		}

		public virtual MethodGroupExpr CanReduceLambda (AnonymousMethodBody body)
		{
			//
			// Return method-group expression when the expression can be used as
			// lambda replacement. A good example is array sorting where instead of
			// code like
			//
			//  Array.Sort (s, (a, b) => String.Compare (a, b));
			//
			// we can use method group directly
			//
			//  Array.Sort (s, String.Compare);
			//
			// Correct overload will be used because we do the reduction after
			// best candidate was found.
			//
			return null;
		}

		//
		// Returns true when the expression during Emit phase breaks stack
		// by using await expression
		//
		public virtual bool ContainsEmitWithAwait ()
		{
			return false;
		}

		/// <summary>
		///   Performs semantic analysis on the Expression
		/// </summary>
		///
		/// <remarks>
		///   The Resolve method is invoked to perform the semantic analysis
		///   on the node.
		///
		///   The return value is an expression (it can be the
		///   same expression in some cases) or a new
		///   expression that better represents this node.
		///   
		///   For example, optimizations of Unary (LiteralInt)
		///   would return a new LiteralInt with a negated
		///   value.
		///   
		///   If there is an error during semantic analysis,
		///   then an error should be reported (using Report)
		///   and a null value should be returned.
		///   
		///   There are two side effects expected from calling
		///   Resolve(): the the field variable "eclass" should
		///   be set to any value of the enumeration
		///   `ExprClass' and the type variable should be set
		///   to a valid type (this is the type of the
		///   expression).
		/// </remarks>
		protected abstract Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext rc);

		public virtual Expression DoResolveLValue (ResolveContext rc, Expression right_side)
		{
			return null;
		}

		//
		// This is used if the expression should be resolved as a type or namespace name.
		// the default implementation fails.   
		//
		public virtual TypeSpec ResolveAsType (IMemberContext mc, bool allowUnboundTypeArguments = false)
		{
			var rc = mc as ResolveContext ?? new ResolveContext (mc);
			Expression e = Resolve (rc);
			if (e != null)
				e.Error_UnexpectedKind (rc, ResolveFlags.Type, loc);

			return null;
		}

		protected void CheckExpressionVariable (ResolveContext rc)
		{
			if (rc.HasAny (ResolveContext.Options.BaseInitializer | ResolveContext.Options.FieldInitializerScope) && rc.CurrentAnonymousMethod == null) {
				rc.Report.Error (8200, loc, "Out variable and pattern variable declarations are not allowed within constructor initializers, field initializers, or property initializers");
			} else if (rc.HasSet (ResolveContext.Options.QueryClauseScope)) {
				rc.Report.Error (8201, loc, "Out variable and pattern variable declarations are not allowed within a query clause");
			}
		}

		public static void ErrorIsInaccesible (IMemberContext rc, string member, Location loc)
		{
			rc.Module.Compiler.Report.Error (122, loc, "`{0}' is inaccessible due to its protection level", member);
		}

		public void Error_ExpressionMustBeConstant (ResolveContext rc, Location loc, string e_name)
		{
			rc.Report.Error (133, loc, "The expression being assigned to `{0}' must be a constant or default value", e_name);
		}

		public void Error_ConstantCanBeInitializedWithNullOnly (ResolveContext rc, TypeSpec type, Location loc, string name)
		{
			rc.Report.Error (134, loc, "A constant `{0}' of reference type `{1}' can only be initialized with null",
				name, type.GetSignatureForError ());
		}

		protected virtual void Error_InvalidExpressionStatement (Report report, Location loc)
		{
			report.Error (201, loc, "Only assignment, call, increment, decrement, await, and new object expressions can be used as a statement");
		}

		public void Error_InvalidExpressionStatement (BlockContext bc)
		{
			Error_InvalidExpressionStatement (bc.Report, loc);
		}

		public void Error_InvalidExpressionStatement (Report report)
		{
			Error_InvalidExpressionStatement (report, loc);
		}

		public static void Error_VoidInvalidInTheContext (Location loc, Report Report)
		{
			Report.Error (1547, loc, "Keyword `void' cannot be used in this context");
		}

		public virtual void Error_ValueCannotBeConverted (ResolveContext ec, TypeSpec target, bool expl)
		{
			Error_ValueCannotBeConvertedCore (ec, loc, target, expl);
		}

		protected void Error_ValueCannotBeConvertedCore (ResolveContext ec, Location loc, TypeSpec target, bool expl)
		{
			// The error was already reported as CS1660
			if (type == InternalType.AnonymousMethod)
				return;

			if (type == InternalType.ErrorType || target == InternalType.ErrorType)
				return;

			if (type.MemberDefinition.DeclaringAssembly.IsMissing ||
				target.MemberDefinition.DeclaringAssembly.IsMissing)
				return;

			string from_type = type.GetSignatureForError ();
			if (type.Kind == MemberKind.ByRef)
				from_type = "ref " + from_type;
			string to_type = target.GetSignatureForError ();
			if (target.Kind == MemberKind.ByRef)
				to_type = "ref " + to_type;

			if (from_type == to_type) {
				from_type = type.GetSignatureForErrorIncludingAssemblyName ();
				to_type = target.GetSignatureForErrorIncludingAssemblyName ();
			}

			if (expl) {
				ec.Report.Error (30, loc, "Cannot convert type `{0}' to `{1}'",
					from_type, to_type);
				return;
			}

			ec.Report.DisableReporting ();
			bool expl_exists = Convert.ExplicitConversion (ec, this, target, Location.Null) != null;
			ec.Report.EnableReporting ();

			if (expl_exists) {
				ec.Report.Error (266, loc,
					"Cannot implicitly convert type `{0}' to `{1}'. An explicit conversion exists (are you missing a cast?)",
					from_type, to_type);
			} else {
				ec.Report.Error (29, loc, "Cannot implicitly convert type `{0}' to `{1}'",
					from_type, to_type);
			}
		}

		public void Error_TypeArgumentsCannotBeUsed (IMemberContext context, MemberSpec member, Location loc)
		{
			// Better message for possible generic expressions
			if (member != null && (member.Kind & MemberKind.GenericMask) != 0) {
				var report = context.Module.Compiler.Report;
				report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (member);
				if (member is TypeSpec)
					member = ((TypeSpec) member).GetDefinition ();
				else
					member = ((MethodSpec) member).GetGenericMethodDefinition ();

				string name = member.Kind == MemberKind.Method ? "method" : "type";
				if (member.IsGeneric) {
					report.Error (305, loc, "Using the generic {0} `{1}' requires `{2}' type argument(s)",
						name, member.GetSignatureForError (), member.Arity.ToString ());
				} else {
					report.Error (308, loc, "The non-generic {0} `{1}' cannot be used with the type arguments",
						name, member.GetSignatureForError ());
				}
			} else {
				Error_TypeArgumentsCannotBeUsed (context, ExprClassName, GetSignatureForError (), loc);
			}
		}

		public static void Error_TypeArgumentsCannotBeUsed (IMemberContext context, string exprType, string name, Location loc)
		{
			context.Module.Compiler.Report.Error (307, loc, "The {0} `{1}' cannot be used with type arguments",
				exprType, name);
		}

		public virtual void Error_TypeDoesNotContainDefinition (ResolveContext ec, TypeSpec type, string name)
		{
			Error_TypeDoesNotContainDefinition (ec, loc, type, name);
		}

		public static void Error_TypeDoesNotContainDefinition (ResolveContext ec, Location loc, TypeSpec type, string name)
		{
			ec.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (type);
			ec.Report.Error (117, loc, "`{0}' does not contain a definition for `{1}'",
				type.GetSignatureForError (), name);
		}

		public virtual void Error_ValueAssignment (ResolveContext rc, Expression rhs)
		{
			if (rhs == EmptyExpression.LValueMemberAccess || rhs == EmptyExpression.LValueMemberOutAccess) {
				// Already reported as CS1612
			} else if (rhs == EmptyExpression.OutAccess) {
				rc.Report.Error (1510, loc, "A ref or out argument must be an assignable variable");
			} else {
				rc.Report.Error (131, loc, "The left-hand side of an assignment must be a variable, a property or an indexer");
			}
		}

		protected void Error_VoidPointerOperation (ResolveContext rc)
		{
			rc.Report.Error (242, loc, "The operation in question is undefined on void pointers");
		}

		public static void Warning_UnreachableExpression (ResolveContext rc, Location loc)
		{
			rc.Report.Warning (429, 4, loc, "Unreachable expression code detected");
		}

		public ResolveFlags ExprClassToResolveFlags {
			get {
				switch (eclass) {
				case ExprClass.Type:
				case ExprClass.Namespace:
					return ResolveFlags.Type;
					
				case ExprClass.MethodGroup:
					return ResolveFlags.MethodGroup;
					
				case ExprClass.TypeParameter:
					return ResolveFlags.TypeParameter;
					
				case ExprClass.Value:
				case ExprClass.Variable:
				case ExprClass.PropertyAccess:
				case ExprClass.EventAccess:
				case ExprClass.IndexerAccess:
					return ResolveFlags.VariableOrValue;
					
				default:
					throw new InternalErrorException (loc.ToString () + " " +  GetType () + " ExprClass is Invalid after resolve");
				}
			}
		}

		//
		// Implements identical simple name and type-name resolution
		//
		public Expression ProbeIdenticalTypeName (ResolveContext rc, Expression left, SimpleName name)
		{
			var t = left.Type;
			if (t.Kind == MemberKind.InternalCompilerType || t is ElementTypeSpec || t.Arity > 0)
				return left;

			// In a member access of the form E.I, if E is a single identifier, and if the meaning of E as a simple-name is
			// a constant, field, property, local variable, or parameter with the same type as the meaning of E as a type-name

			if (left is MemberExpr || left is VariableReference) {
				var identical_type = rc.LookupNamespaceOrType (name.Name, 0, LookupMode.Probing, loc) as TypeExpr;
				if (identical_type != null && identical_type.Type == left.Type)
					return identical_type;
			}

			return left;
		}

		public virtual string GetSignatureForError ()
		{
			return type.GetDefinition ().GetSignatureForError ();
		}

		public static bool IsNeverNull (Expression expr)
		{
			if (expr is This || expr is New || expr is ArrayCreation || expr is DelegateCreation || expr is ConditionalMemberAccess)
				return true;

			var c = expr as Constant;
			if (c != null)
				return !c.IsNull;

			var tc = expr as TypeCast;
			if (tc != null)
				return IsNeverNull (tc.Child);

			return false;
		}

		protected static bool IsNullPropagatingValid (TypeSpec type)
		{
			switch (type.Kind) {
			case MemberKind.Struct:
				return type.IsNullableType;
			case MemberKind.Enum:
			case MemberKind.Void:
			case MemberKind.PointerType:
				return false;
			case MemberKind.InternalCompilerType:
				return type.BuiltinType == BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Dynamic;
			case MemberKind.TypeParameter:
				return !((TypeParameterSpec) type).IsValueType;
			default:
				return true;
			}
		}

		public virtual bool HasConditionalAccess ()
		{
			return false;
		}

		protected TypeSpec LiftMemberType (ResolveContext rc, TypeSpec type)
		{
			var tps = type as TypeParameterSpec;
			if (tps != null && !(tps.IsReferenceType || tps.IsValueType)) {
				Error_OperatorCannotBeApplied (rc, loc, "?", type);
			}

			return TypeSpec.IsValueType (type) && !type.IsNullableType ?
				Nullable.NullableInfo.MakeType (rc.Module, type) :
				type;
		}
	       
		/// <summary>
		///   Resolves an expression and performs semantic analysis on it.
		/// </summary>
		///
		/// <remarks>
		///   Currently Resolve wraps DoResolve to perform sanity
		///   checking and assertion checking on what we expect from Resolve.
		/// </remarks>
		public Expression Resolve (ResolveContext ec, ResolveFlags flags)
		{
			if (eclass != ExprClass.Unresolved) {
				if ((flags & ExprClassToResolveFlags) == 0) {
					Error_UnexpectedKind (ec, flags, loc);
					return null;
				}

				return this;
			}
			
			Expression e;
			try {
				e = DoResolve (ec);

				if (e == null)
					return null;

				if ((flags & e.ExprClassToResolveFlags) == 0) {
					e.Error_UnexpectedKind (ec, flags, loc);
					return null;
				}

				if (e.type == null)
					throw new InternalErrorException ("Expression `{0}' didn't set its type in DoResolve", e.GetType ());

				return e;
			} catch (Exception ex) {
				if (loc.IsNull || ec.Module.Compiler.Settings.BreakOnInternalError || ex is CompletionResult || ec.Report.IsDisabled || ex is FatalException ||
					ec.Report.Printer is NullReportPrinter)
					throw;

				ec.Report.Error (584, loc, "Internal compiler error: {0}", ex.Message);
				return ErrorExpression.Instance;	// TODO: Add location
			}
		}

		/// <summary>
		///   Resolves an expression and performs semantic analysis on it.
		/// </summary>
		public Expression Resolve (ResolveContext rc)
		{
			return Resolve (rc, ResolveFlags.VariableOrValue | ResolveFlags.MethodGroup);
		}

		/// <summary>
		///   Resolves an expression for LValue assignment
		/// </summary>
		///
		/// <remarks>
		///   Currently ResolveLValue wraps DoResolveLValue to perform sanity
		///   checking and assertion checking on what we expect from Resolve
		/// </remarks>
		public Expression ResolveLValue (ResolveContext ec, Expression right_side)
		{
			int errors = ec.Report.Errors;
			//bool out_access = right_side == EmptyExpression.OutAccess;

			Expression e = DoResolveLValue (ec, right_side);

			//if (e != null && out_access && !(e is IMemoryLocation)) {
				// FIXME: There's no problem with correctness, the 'Expr = null' handles that.
				//        Enabling this 'throw' will "only" result in deleting useless code elsewhere,

				//throw new InternalErrorException ("ResolveLValue didn't return an IMemoryLocation: " +
				//				  e.GetType () + " " + e.GetSignatureForError ());
			//	e = null;
			//}

			if (e == null) {
				if (errors == ec.Report.Errors) {
					Error_ValueAssignment (ec, right_side);
				}
				return null;
			}

			if (e.eclass == ExprClass.Unresolved)
				throw new Exception ("Expression " + e + " ExprClass is Invalid after resolve");

			if ((e.type == null) && !(e is GenericTypeExpr))
				throw new Exception ("Expression " + e + " did not set its type after Resolve");

			return e;
		}

		public Constant ResolveLabelConstant (ResolveContext rc)
		{
			var expr = Resolve (rc);
			if (expr == null)
				return null;

			Constant c = expr as Constant;
			if (c == null) {
				if (expr.type != InternalType.ErrorType)
					rc.Report.Error (150, expr.StartLocation, "A constant value is expected");

				return null;
			}

			return c;
		}

		public virtual void EncodeAttributeValue (IMemberContext rc, AttributeEncoder enc, TypeSpec targetType, TypeSpec parameterType)
		{
			if (Attribute.IsValidArgumentType (parameterType)) {
				rc.Module.Compiler.Report.Error (182, loc,
					"An attribute argument must be a constant expression, typeof expression or array creation expression");
			} else {
				rc.Module.Compiler.Report.Error (181, loc,
					"Attribute constructor parameter has type `{0}', which is not a valid attribute parameter type",
					targetType.GetSignatureForError ());
			}
		}

		/// <summary>
		///   Emits the code for the expression
		/// </summary>
		///
		/// <remarks>
		///   The Emit method is invoked to generate the code
		///   for the expression.  
		/// </remarks>
		public abstract void Emit (EmitContext ec);


		// Emit code to branch to @target if this expression is equivalent to @on_true.
		// The default implementation is to emit the value, and then emit a brtrue or brfalse.
		// Subclasses can provide more efficient implementations, but those MUST be equivalent,
		// including the use of conditional branches.  Note also that a branch MUST be emitted
		public virtual void EmitBranchable (EmitContext ec, Label target, bool on_true)
		{
			Emit (ec);
			ec.Emit (on_true ? OpCodes.Brtrue : OpCodes.Brfalse, target);
		}

		// Emit this expression for its side effects, not for its value.
		// The default implementation is to emit the value, and then throw it away.
		// Subclasses can provide more efficient implementations, but those MUST be equivalent
		public virtual void EmitSideEffect (EmitContext ec)
		{
			Emit (ec);
			ec.Emit (OpCodes.Pop);
		}

		public virtual void EmitPrepare (EmitContext ec)
		{
		}

		//
		// Emits the expression into temporary field variable. The method
		// should be used for await expressions only
		//
		public virtual Expression EmitToField (EmitContext ec)
		{
			//
			// This is the await prepare Emit method. When emitting code like
			// a + b we emit code like
			//
			// a.Emit ()
			// b.Emit ()
			// Opcodes.Add
			//
			// For await a + await b we have to interfere the flow to keep the
			// stack clean because await yields from the expression. The emit
			// then changes to
			//
			// a = a.EmitToField ()	// a is changed to temporary field access
			// b = b.EmitToField ()
			// a.Emit ()
			// b.Emit ()
			// Opcodes.Add
			//
			//
			// The idea is to emit expression and leave the stack empty with
			// result value still available.
			//
			// Expressions should override this default implementation when
			// optimized version can be provided (e.g. FieldExpr)
			//
			//
			// We can optimize for side-effect free expressions, they can be
			// emitted out of order
			//
			if (IsSideEffectFree)
				return this;

			bool needs_temporary = ContainsEmitWithAwait ();
			if (!needs_temporary)
				ec.EmitThis ();

			// Emit original code
			var field = EmitToFieldSource (ec);
			if (field == null) {
				//
				// Store the result to temporary field when we
				// cannot load `this' directly
				//
				field = ec.GetTemporaryField (type);
				if (needs_temporary) {
					//
					// Create temporary local (we cannot load `this' before Emit)
					//
					var temp = ec.GetTemporaryLocal (type);
					ec.Emit (OpCodes.Stloc, temp);

					ec.EmitThis ();
					ec.Emit (OpCodes.Ldloc, temp);
					field.EmitAssignFromStack (ec);

					ec.FreeTemporaryLocal (temp, type);
				} else {
					field.EmitAssignFromStack (ec);
				}
			}

			return field;
		}

		protected virtual FieldExpr EmitToFieldSource (EmitContext ec)
		{
			//
			// Default implementation calls Emit method
			//
			Emit (ec);
			return null;
		}

		protected static void EmitExpressionsList (EmitContext ec, List<Expression> expressions)
		{
			if (ec.HasSet (BuilderContext.Options.AsyncBody)) {
				bool contains_await = false;

				for (int i = 1; i < expressions.Count; ++i) {
					if (expressions[i].ContainsEmitWithAwait ()) {
						contains_await = true;
						break;
					}
				}

				if (contains_await) {
					for (int i = 0; i < expressions.Count; ++i) {
						expressions[i] = expressions[i].EmitToField (ec);
					}
				}
			}

			for (int i = 0; i < expressions.Count; ++i) {
				expressions[i].Emit (ec);
			}
		}

		/// <summary>
		///   Protected constructor.  Only derivate types should
		///   be able to be created
		/// </summary>

		protected Expression ()
		{
		}

		/// <summary>
		///   Returns a fully formed expression after a MemberLookup
		/// </summary>
		/// 
		static Expression ExprClassFromMemberInfo (MemberSpec spec, Location loc)
		{
			if (spec is EventSpec)
				return new EventExpr ((EventSpec) spec, loc);
			if (spec is ConstSpec)
				return new ConstantExpr ((ConstSpec) spec, loc);
			if (spec is FieldSpec)
				return new FieldExpr ((FieldSpec) spec, loc);
			if (spec is PropertySpec)
				return new PropertyExpr ((PropertySpec) spec, loc);
			if (spec is TypeSpec)
				return new TypeExpression (((TypeSpec) spec), loc);

			return null;
		}

		public static MethodSpec ConstructorLookup (ResolveContext rc, TypeSpec type, ref Arguments args, Location loc)
		{
			var ctors = MemberCache.FindMembers (type, Constructor.ConstructorName, true);
			if (ctors == null) {
				switch (type.Kind) {
				case MemberKind.Struct:
					// Every struct has implicit default constructor if not provided by user
					if (args == null)
						return null;

					rc.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (type);
					// Report meaningful error for struct as they always have default ctor in C# context
					OverloadResolver.Error_ConstructorMismatch (rc, type, args == null ? 0 : args.Count, loc);
					break;
				case MemberKind.MissingType:
				case MemberKind.InternalCompilerType:
// LAMESPEC: dynamic is not really object
//					if (type.BuiltinType == BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Object)
//						goto default;
					break;
				default:
					rc.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (type);
					rc.Report.Error (143, loc, "The class `{0}' has no constructors defined",
						type.GetSignatureForError ());
					break;
				}

				return null;
			}

			if (args == null && type.IsStruct) {
				bool includes_empty = false;
				foreach (MethodSpec ctor in ctors) {
					if (ctor.Parameters.IsEmpty) {
						includes_empty = true;
					}
				}

				if (!includes_empty)
					return null;
			}

			var r = new OverloadResolver (ctors, OverloadResolver.Restrictions.NoBaseMembers, loc);
			if (!rc.HasSet (ResolveContext.Options.BaseInitializer)) {
				r.InstanceQualifier = new ConstructorInstanceQualifier (type);
			}

			return r.ResolveMember<MethodSpec> (rc, ref args);
		}

		[Flags]
		public enum MemberLookupRestrictions
		{
			None = 0,
			InvocableOnly = 1,
			ExactArity = 1 << 2,
			ReadAccess = 1 << 3,
			EmptyArguments = 1 << 4,
			IgnoreArity = 1 << 5,
			IgnoreAmbiguity = 1 << 6,
			NameOfExcluded = 1 << 7,
			DontSetConditionalAccess = 1 << 8
		}

		//
		// Lookup type `queried_type' for code in class `container_type' with a qualifier of
		// `qualifier_type' or null to lookup members in the current class.
		//
		public static Expression MemberLookup (IMemberContext rc, bool errorMode, TypeSpec queried_type, string name, int arity, MemberLookupRestrictions restrictions, Location loc)
		{
			var members = MemberCache.FindMembers (queried_type, name, false);

			if (members != null) {
				Expression expr;
				do {
					expr = MemberLookupToExpression (rc, members, errorMode, queried_type, name, arity, restrictions, loc);
					if (expr != null)
						return expr;

					if (members [0].DeclaringType.BaseType == null)
						members = null;
					else
						members = MemberCache.FindMembers (members [0].DeclaringType.BaseType, name, false);
				} while (members != null);
			}

			var tps = queried_type as TypeParameterSpec;
			if (tps != null) {
				members = MemberCache.FindInterfaceMembers (tps, name);
				if (members != null)
					return MemberLookupToExpression (rc, members, errorMode, queried_type, name, arity, restrictions, loc);
			}

			if ((restrictions & MemberLookupRestrictions.InvocableOnly) == 0) {
				var ntuple = queried_type as NamedTupleSpec;
				if (ntuple != null) {
					var ms = ntuple.FindElement (rc, name, loc);
					if (ms != null)
						return ExprClassFromMemberInfo (ms, loc);
				}
			}

			return null;
		}

		public static Expression MemberLookupToExpression (IMemberContext rc, IList<MemberSpec> members, bool errorMode, TypeSpec queried_type, string name, int arity, MemberLookupRestrictions restrictions, Location loc)
		{
			MemberSpec non_method = null;
			MemberSpec ambig_non_method = null;

			for (int i = 0; i < members.Count; ++i) {
				var member = members [i];

				// HACK: for events because +=/-= can appear at same class only, should use OverrideToBase there
				if ((member.Modifiers & Modifiers.OVERRIDE) != 0 && member.Kind != MemberKind.Event)
					continue;

				if ((member.Modifiers & Modifiers.BACKING_FIELD) != 0 || member.Kind == MemberKind.Operator)
					continue;

				if ((arity > 0 || (restrictions & MemberLookupRestrictions.ExactArity) != 0) && member.Arity != arity)
					continue;

				if (!errorMode) {
					if (!member.IsAccessible (rc))
						continue;

					//
					// With runtime binder we can have a situation where queried type is inaccessible
					// because it came via dynamic object, the check about inconsisted accessibility
					// had no effect as the type was unknown during compilation
					//
					// class A {
					//		private class N { }
					//
					//		public dynamic Foo ()
					//		{
					//			return new N ();
					//		}
					//	}
					//
					if (rc.Module.Compiler.IsRuntimeBinder && !member.DeclaringType.IsAccessible (rc))
						continue;
				}

				if ((restrictions & MemberLookupRestrictions.InvocableOnly) != 0) {
					if (member is MethodSpec) {
						return new MethodGroupExpr (members, queried_type, loc);
					}

					if (!Invocation.IsMemberInvocable (member))
						continue;
				}

				if (non_method == null || member is MethodSpec || non_method.IsNotCSharpCompatible) {
					non_method = member;
				} else if (!errorMode && !member.IsNotCSharpCompatible) {
					//
					// Interface members that are hidden by class members are removed from the set when T is a type parameter and
					// T has both an effective base class other than object and a non-empty effective interface set.
					//
					// The spec has more complex rules but we simply remove all members declared in an interface declaration.
					//
					var tps = queried_type as TypeParameterSpec;
					if (tps != null && tps.HasTypeConstraint) {
						if (non_method.DeclaringType.IsClass && member.DeclaringType.IsInterface)
							continue;

						if (non_method.DeclaringType.IsInterface && member.DeclaringType.IsInterface) {
							non_method = member;
							continue;
						}
					}

					ambig_non_method = member;
				}
			}

			if (non_method != null) {
				if (ambig_non_method != null && rc != null && (restrictions & MemberLookupRestrictions.IgnoreAmbiguity) == 0) {
					var report = rc.Module.Compiler.Report;
					report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (non_method);
					report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (ambig_non_method);
					report.Error (229, loc, "Ambiguity between `{0}' and `{1}'",
						non_method.GetSignatureForError (), ambig_non_method.GetSignatureForError ());
				}

				if (non_method is MethodSpec)
					return new MethodGroupExpr (members, queried_type, loc);

				return ExprClassFromMemberInfo (non_method, loc);
			}

			return null;
		}

		protected static void Error_NamedArgument (NamedArgument na, Report Report)
		{
			Report.Error (1742, na.Location, "An element access expression cannot use named argument");
		}

		protected virtual void Error_NegativeArrayIndex (ResolveContext ec, Location loc)
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}

		public virtual void Error_OperatorCannotBeApplied (ResolveContext rc, Location loc, string oper, TypeSpec t)
		{
			if (t == InternalType.ErrorType)
				return;

			rc.Report.Error (23, loc, "The `{0}' operator cannot be applied to operand of type `{1}'",
				oper, t.GetSignatureForError ());
		}

		protected void Error_PointerInsideExpressionTree (ResolveContext ec)
		{
			ec.Report.Error (1944, loc, "An expression tree cannot contain an unsafe pointer operation");
		}

		protected void Error_NullShortCircuitInsideExpressionTree (ResolveContext rc)
		{
			rc.Report.Error (8072, loc, "An expression tree cannot contain a null propagating operator");
		}

		protected void Error_NullPropagatingLValue (ResolveContext rc)
		{
			rc.Report.Error (-1030, loc, "The left-hand side of an assignment cannot contain a null propagating operator");
		}

		public virtual void FlowAnalysis (FlowAnalysisContext fc)
		{
		}

		public virtual Reachability MarkReachable (Reachability rc)
		{
			return rc;
		}

		//
		// Special version of flow analysis for expressions which can return different
		// on-true and on-false result. Used by &&, ||, ?: expressions
		//
		public virtual void FlowAnalysisConditional (FlowAnalysisContext fc)
		{
			FlowAnalysis (fc);
			fc.DefiniteAssignmentOnTrue = fc.DefiniteAssignmentOnFalse = fc.DefiniteAssignment;
		}

		/// <summary>
		///   Returns an expression that can be used to invoke operator true
		///   on the expression if it exists.
		/// </summary>
		protected static Expression GetOperatorTrue (ResolveContext ec, Expression e, Location loc)
		{
			return GetOperatorTrueOrFalse (ec, e, true, loc);
		}

		/// <summary>
		///   Returns an expression that can be used to invoke operator false
		///   on the expression if it exists.
		/// </summary>
		protected static Expression GetOperatorFalse (ResolveContext ec, Expression e, Location loc)
		{
			return GetOperatorTrueOrFalse (ec, e, false, loc);
		}

		static Expression GetOperatorTrueOrFalse (ResolveContext ec, Expression e, bool is_true, Location loc)
		{
			var op = is_true ? Operator.OpType.True : Operator.OpType.False;
			var type = e.type;
			if (type.IsNullableType)
				type = Nullable.NullableInfo.GetUnderlyingType (type);

			var methods = MemberCache.GetUserOperator (type, op, false);
			if (methods == null)
				return null;

			Arguments arguments = new Arguments (1);
			arguments.Add (new Argument (e));

			var res = new OverloadResolver (methods, OverloadResolver.Restrictions.BaseMembersIncluded | OverloadResolver.Restrictions.NoBaseMembers, loc);
			var oper = res.ResolveOperator (ec, ref arguments);

			if (oper == null)
				return null;

			return new UserOperatorCall (oper, arguments, null, loc);
		}
		
		public virtual string ExprClassName
		{
			get {
				switch (eclass){
				case ExprClass.Unresolved:
					return "Unresolved";
				case ExprClass.Value:
					return "value";
				case ExprClass.Variable:
					return "variable";
				case ExprClass.Namespace:
					return "namespace";
				case ExprClass.Type:
					return "type";
				case ExprClass.MethodGroup:
					return "method group";
				case ExprClass.PropertyAccess:
					return "property access";
				case ExprClass.EventAccess:
					return "event access";
				case ExprClass.IndexerAccess:
					return "indexer access";
				case ExprClass.Nothing:
					return "null";
				case ExprClass.TypeParameter:
					return "type parameter";
				}
				throw new Exception ("Should not happen");
			}
		}
		
		/// <summary>
		///   Reports that we were expecting `expr' to be of class `expected'
		/// </summary>
		public static void Error_UnexpectedKind (IMemberContext ctx, Expression memberExpr, string expected, string was, Location loc)
		{
			var name = memberExpr.GetSignatureForError ();

			ctx.Module.Compiler.Report.Error (118, loc, "`{0}' is a `{1}' but a `{2}' was expected", name, was, expected);
		}

		public virtual void Error_UnexpectedKind (ResolveContext ec, ResolveFlags flags, Location loc)
		{
			string [] valid = new string [4];
			int count = 0;

			if ((flags & ResolveFlags.VariableOrValue) != 0) {
				valid [count++] = "variable";
				valid [count++] = "value";
			}

			if ((flags & ResolveFlags.Type) != 0)
				valid [count++] = "type";

			if ((flags & ResolveFlags.MethodGroup) != 0)
				valid [count++] = "method group";

			if (count == 0)
				valid [count++] = "unknown";

			StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder (valid [0]);
			for (int i = 1; i < count - 1; i++) {
				sb.Append ("', `");
				sb.Append (valid [i]);
			}
			if (count > 1) {
				sb.Append ("' or `");
				sb.Append (valid [count - 1]);
			}

			ec.Report.Error (119, loc, 
				"Expression denotes a `{0}', where a `{1}' was expected", ExprClassName, sb.ToString ());
		}
		
		public static void UnsafeError (ResolveContext ec, Location loc)
		{
			UnsafeError (ec.Report, loc);
		}

		public static void UnsafeError (Report Report, Location loc)
		{
			Report.Error (214, loc, "Pointers and fixed size buffers may only be used in an unsafe context");
		}

		public static void UnsafeInsideIteratorError (ResolveContext rc, Location loc)
		{
			UnsafeInsideIteratorError (rc.Report, loc);
		}

		public static void UnsafeInsideIteratorError (Report report, Location loc)
		{
			report.Error (1629, loc, "Unsafe code may not appear in iterators");
		}

		//
		// Converts `source' to an int, uint, long or ulong.
		//
		protected Expression ConvertExpressionToArrayIndex (ResolveContext ec, Expression source, bool pointerArray = false)
		{
			var btypes = ec.BuiltinTypes;

			if (source.type.BuiltinType == BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Dynamic) {
				Arguments args = new Arguments (1);
				args.Add (new Argument (source));
				return new DynamicConversion (btypes.Int, CSharpBinderFlags.ConvertArrayIndex, args, source.loc).Resolve (ec);
			}

			Expression converted;
			
			using (ec.Set (ResolveContext.Options.CheckedScope)) {
				converted = Convert.ImplicitConversion (ec, source, btypes.Int, source.loc);
				if (converted == null)
					converted = Convert.ImplicitConversion (ec, source, btypes.UInt, source.loc);
				if (converted == null)
					converted = Convert.ImplicitConversion (ec, source, btypes.Long, source.loc);
				if (converted == null)
					converted = Convert.ImplicitConversion (ec, source, btypes.ULong, source.loc);

				if (converted == null) {
					source.Error_ValueCannotBeConverted (ec, btypes.Int, false);
					return null;
				}
			}

			if (pointerArray)
				return converted;

			//
			// Only positive constants are allowed at compile time
			//
			Constant c = converted as Constant;
			if (c != null && c.IsNegative)
				Error_NegativeArrayIndex (ec, source.loc);

			// No conversion needed to array index
			if (converted.Type.BuiltinType == BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Int)
				return converted;

			return new ArrayIndexCast (converted, btypes.Int).Resolve (ec);
		}

		public Expression MakePointerAccess (ResolveContext rc, TypeSpec type, Arguments args)
		{
			if (args.Count != 1){
				rc.Report.Error (196, loc, "A pointer must be indexed by only one value");
				return null;
			}

			var arg = args [0];
			if (arg is NamedArgument)
				Error_NamedArgument ((NamedArgument) arg, rc.Report);

			var index = arg.Expr.Resolve (rc);
			if (index == null)
				return null;

			index = ConvertExpressionToArrayIndex (rc, index, true);

			Expression p = new PointerArithmetic (Binary.Operator.Addition, this, index, type, loc);
			return new Indirection (p, loc);
		}

		//
		// Derived classes implement this method by cloning the fields that
		// could become altered during the Resolve stage
		//
		// Only expressions that are created for the parser need to implement
		// this.
		//
		protected virtual void CloneTo (CloneContext clonectx, Expression target)
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException (
				String.Format (
					"CloneTo not implemented for expression {0}", this.GetType ()));
		}

		//
		// Clones an expression created by the parser.
		//
		// We only support expressions created by the parser so far, not
		// expressions that have been resolved (many more classes would need
		// to implement CloneTo).
		//
		// This infrastructure is here merely for Lambda expressions which
		// compile the same code using different type values for the same
		// arguments to find the correct overload
		//
		public virtual Expression Clone (CloneContext clonectx)
		{
			Expression cloned = (Expression) MemberwiseClone ();
			CloneTo (clonectx, cloned);

			return cloned;
		}

		//
		// Implementation of expression to expression tree conversion
		//
		public abstract Expression CreateExpressionTree (ResolveContext ec);

		protected Expression CreateExpressionFactoryCall (ResolveContext ec, string name, Arguments args)
		{
			return CreateExpressionFactoryCall (ec, name, null, args, loc);
		}

		protected Expression CreateExpressionFactoryCall (ResolveContext ec, string name, TypeArguments typeArguments, Arguments args)
		{
			return CreateExpressionFactoryCall (ec, name, typeArguments, args, loc);
		}

		public static Expression CreateExpressionFactoryCall (ResolveContext ec, string name, TypeArguments typeArguments, Arguments args, Location loc)
		{
			return new Invocation (new MemberAccess (CreateExpressionTypeExpression (ec, loc), name, typeArguments, loc), args);
		}

		protected static TypeExpr CreateExpressionTypeExpression (ResolveContext ec, Location loc)
		{
			var t = ec.Module.PredefinedTypes.Expression.Resolve ();
			if (t == null)
				return null;

			return new TypeExpression (t, loc);
		}

		//
		// Implemented by all expressions which support conversion from
		// compiler expression to invokable runtime expression. Used by
		// dynamic C# binder.
		//
		public virtual SLE.Expression MakeExpression (BuilderContext ctx)
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ("MakeExpression for " + GetType ());
		}
			
		public virtual object Accept (StructuralVisitor visitor)
		{
			return visitor.Visit (this);
		}
	}

	/// <summary>
	///   This is just a base class for expressions that can
	///   appear on statements (invocations, object creation,
	///   assignments, post/pre increment and decrement).  The idea
	///   being that they would support an extra Emition interface that
	///   does not leave a result on the stack.
	/// </summary>
	public abstract class ExpressionStatement : Expression
	{
		public virtual ExpressionStatement ResolveStatement (BlockContext ec)
		{
			Expression e = Resolve (ec);
			if (e == null)
				return null;

			ExpressionStatement es = e as ExpressionStatement;
			if (es == null || e is AnonymousMethodBody) {
				var reduced = e as IReducedExpressionStatement;
				if (reduced != null) {
					return EmptyExpressionStatement.Instance;
				}

				Error_InvalidExpressionStatement (ec);
			}

			//
			// This is quite expensive warning, try to limit the damage
			//
			if (MemberAccess.IsValidDotExpression (e.Type) && !(e is Assign || e is Await)) {
				WarningAsyncWithoutWait (ec, e);
			}

			return es;
		}

		static void WarningAsyncWithoutWait (BlockContext bc, Expression e)
		{
			if (bc.CurrentAnonymousMethod is AsyncInitializer) {
				var awaiter = new AwaitStatement.AwaitableMemberAccess (e) {
					ProbingMode = true
				};

				//
				// Need to do full resolve because GetAwaiter can be extension method
				// available only in this context
				//
				var mg = awaiter.Resolve (bc) as MethodGroupExpr;
				if (mg == null)
					return;

				var arguments = new Arguments (0);
				mg = mg.OverloadResolve (bc, ref arguments, null, OverloadResolver.Restrictions.ProbingOnly);
				if (mg == null)
					return;

				//
				// Use same check rules as for real await
				//
				var awaiter_definition = bc.Module.GetAwaiter (mg.BestCandidateReturnType);
				if (!awaiter_definition.IsValidPattern || !awaiter_definition.INotifyCompletion)
					return;

				bc.Report.Warning (4014, 1, e.Location,
					"The statement is not awaited and execution of current method continues before the call is completed. Consider using `await' operator");
				return;
			}

			var inv = e as Invocation;
			if (inv != null && inv.MethodGroup != null && inv.MethodGroup.BestCandidate.IsAsync) {
				// The warning won't be reported for imported methods to maintain warning compatiblity with csc 
				bc.Report.Warning (4014, 1, e.Location,
					"The statement is not awaited and execution of current method continues before the call is completed. Consider using `await' operator or calling `Wait' method");
				return;
			}
		}

		/// <summary>
		///   Requests the expression to be emitted in a `statement'
		///   context.  This means that no new value is left on the
		///   stack after invoking this method (constrasted with
		///   Emit that will always leave a value on the stack).
		/// </summary>
		public abstract void EmitStatement (EmitContext ec);

		public override void EmitSideEffect (EmitContext ec)
		{
			EmitStatement (ec);
		}
	}

	interface IReducedExpressionStatement
	{
	}

	/// <summary>
	///   This kind of cast is used to encapsulate the child
	///   whose type is child.Type into an expression that is
	///   reported to return "return_type".  This is used to encapsulate
	///   expressions which have compatible types, but need to be dealt
	///   at higher levels with.
	///
	///   For example, a "byte" expression could be encapsulated in one
	///   of these as an "unsigned int".  The type for the expression
	///   would be "unsigned int".
	///
	/// </summary>
	public abstract class TypeCast : Expression
	{
		protected readonly Expression child;

		protected TypeCast (Expression child, TypeSpec return_type)
		{
			eclass = child.eclass;
			loc = child.Location;
			type = return_type;
			this.child = child;
		}

		public Expression Child {
			get {
				return child;
			}
		}

		public override bool ContainsEmitWithAwait ()
		{
			return child.ContainsEmitWithAwait ();
		}

		public override Expression CreateExpressionTree (ResolveContext ec)
		{
			Arguments args = new Arguments (2);
			args.Add (new Argument (child.CreateExpressionTree (ec)));
			args.Add (new Argument (new TypeOf (type, loc)));

			if (type.IsPointer || child.Type.IsPointer)
				Error_PointerInsideExpressionTree (ec);

			return CreateExpressionFactoryCall (ec, ec.HasSet (ResolveContext.Options.CheckedScope) ? "ConvertChecked" : "Convert", args);
		}

		protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext ec)
		{
			// This should never be invoked, we are born in fully
			// initialized state.

			return this;
		}

		public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
		{
			child.Emit (ec);
		}

		public override void FlowAnalysis (FlowAnalysisContext fc)
		{
			child.FlowAnalysis (fc);
		}

		public override SLE.Expression MakeExpression (BuilderContext ctx)
		{
#if STATIC
			return base.MakeExpression (ctx);
#else
			return ctx.HasSet (BuilderContext.Options.CheckedScope) ?
				SLE.Expression.ConvertChecked (child.MakeExpression (ctx), type.GetMetaInfo ()) :
				SLE.Expression.Convert (child.MakeExpression (ctx), type.GetMetaInfo ());
#endif
		}

		public override Reachability MarkReachable (Reachability rc)
		{
			return child.MarkReachable (rc);
		}

		protected override void CloneTo (CloneContext clonectx, Expression t)
		{
			// Nothing to clone
		}

		public override bool IsNull {
			get { return child.IsNull; }
		}
	}

	public class EmptyCast : TypeCast {
		EmptyCast (Expression child, TypeSpec target_type)
			: base (child, target_type)
		{
		}

		public static Expression Create (Expression child, TypeSpec type)
		{
			Constant c = child as Constant;
			if (c != null) {
				var enum_constant = c as EnumConstant;
				if (enum_constant != null)
					c = enum_constant.Child;

				if (!(c is ReducedExpression.ReducedConstantExpression)) {
					if (c.Type == type)
						return c;

					var res = c.ConvertImplicitly (type);
					if (res != null)
						return res;
				}
			}

			EmptyCast e = child as EmptyCast;
			if (e != null)
				return new EmptyCast (e.child, type);

			return new EmptyCast (child, type);
		}

		public override void EmitBranchable (EmitContext ec, Label label, bool on_true)
		{
			child.EmitBranchable (ec, label, on_true);
		}

		public override void EmitSideEffect (EmitContext ec)
		{
			child.EmitSideEffect (ec);
		}
	}

	//
	// Used for predefined type user operator (no obsolete check, etc.)
	//
	public class OperatorCast : TypeCast
	{
		readonly MethodSpec conversion_operator;

		public OperatorCast (Expression expr, TypeSpec target_type)
			: this (expr, target_type, target_type, false)
		{
		}
		
		public OperatorCast (Expression expr, TypeSpec target_type, bool find_explicit)
			: this (expr, target_type, target_type, find_explicit)
		{
		}
		
		public OperatorCast (Expression expr, TypeSpec declaringType, TypeSpec returnType, bool isExplicit)
			: base (expr, returnType)
		{
			var op = isExplicit ? Operator.OpType.Explicit : Operator.OpType.Implicit;
			var mi = MemberCache.GetUserOperator (declaringType, op, true);

			if (mi != null) {
				foreach (MethodSpec oper in mi) {
					if (oper.ReturnType != returnType)
						continue;

					if (oper.Parameters.Types[0] == expr.Type) {
						conversion_operator = oper;
						return;
					}
				}
			}

			throw new InternalErrorException ("Missing predefined user operator between `{0}' and `{1}'",
				returnType.GetSignatureForError (), expr.Type.GetSignatureForError ());
		}

		public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
		{
			child.Emit (ec);
			ec.Emit (OpCodes.Call, conversion_operator);
		}
	}
	
	//
	// Constant specialization of EmptyCast.
	// We need to special case this since an empty cast of
	// a constant is still a constant. 
	//
	public class EmptyConstantCast : Constant
	{
		public readonly Constant child;

		public EmptyConstantCast (Constant child, TypeSpec type)
			: base (child.Location)
		{
			if (child == null)
				throw new ArgumentNullException ("child");

			this.child = child;
			this.eclass = child.eclass;
			this.type = type;
		}

		public override Constant ConvertExplicitly (bool in_checked_context, TypeSpec target_type)
		{
			if (child.Type == target_type)
				return child;

			// FIXME: check that 'type' can be converted to 'target_type' first
			return child.ConvertExplicitly (in_checked_context, target_type);
		}

		public override Expression CreateExpressionTree (ResolveContext ec)
		{
			Arguments args = Arguments.CreateForExpressionTree (ec, null,
				child.CreateExpressionTree (ec),
				new TypeOf (type, loc));

			if (type.IsPointer)
				Error_PointerInsideExpressionTree (ec);

			return CreateExpressionFactoryCall (ec, "Convert", args);
		}

		public override bool IsDefaultValue {
			get { return child.IsDefaultValue; }
		}

		public override bool IsNegative {
			get { return child.IsNegative; }
		}

		public override bool IsNull {
			get { return child.IsNull; }
		}
		
		public override bool IsOneInteger {
			get { return child.IsOneInteger; }
		}

		public override bool IsSideEffectFree {
			get {
				return child.IsSideEffectFree;
			}
		}

		public override bool IsZeroInteger {
			get { return child.IsZeroInteger; }
		}

		public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
		{
			child.Emit (ec);			
		}

		public override void EmitBranchable (EmitContext ec, Label label, bool on_true)
		{
			child.EmitBranchable (ec, label, on_true);

			// Only to make verifier happy
			if (TypeManager.IsGenericParameter (type) && child.IsNull)
				ec.Emit (OpCodes.Unbox_Any, type);
		}

		public override void EmitSideEffect (EmitContext ec)
		{
			child.EmitSideEffect (ec);
		}

		public override object GetValue ()
		{
			return child.GetValue ();
		}

		public override string GetValueAsLiteral ()
		{
			return child.GetValueAsLiteral ();
		}

		public override long GetValueAsLong ()
		{
			return child.GetValueAsLong ();
		}

		public override Constant ConvertImplicitly (TypeSpec target_type)
		{
			if (type == target_type)
				return this;

			// FIXME: Do we need to check user conversions?
			if (!Convert.ImplicitStandardConversionExists (this, target_type))
				return null;

			return child.ConvertImplicitly (target_type);
		}
	}

	/// <summary>
	///  This class is used to wrap literals which belong inside Enums
	/// </summary>
	public class EnumConstant : Constant
	{
		public Constant Child;

		public EnumConstant (Constant child, TypeSpec enum_type)
			: base (child.Location)
		{
			this.Child = child;

			this.eclass = ExprClass.Value;
			this.type = enum_type;
		}

		protected EnumConstant (Location loc)
			: base (loc)
		{
		}

		public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
		{
			Child.Emit (ec);
		}

		public override void EncodeAttributeValue (IMemberContext rc, AttributeEncoder enc, TypeSpec targetType, TypeSpec parameterType)
		{
			Child.EncodeAttributeValue (rc, enc, Child.Type, parameterType);
		}

		public override void EmitBranchable (EmitContext ec, Label label, bool on_true)
		{
			Child.EmitBranchable (ec, label, on_true);
		}

		public override void EmitSideEffect (EmitContext ec)
		{
			Child.EmitSideEffect (ec);
		}

		public override string GetSignatureForError()
		{
			return Type.GetSignatureForError ();
		}

		public override object GetValue ()
		{
			return Child.GetValue ();
		}

#if !STATIC
		public override object GetTypedValue ()
		{
			//
			// The method can be used in dynamic context only (on closed types)
			//
			// System.Enum.ToObject cannot be called on dynamic types
			// EnumBuilder has to be used, but we cannot use EnumBuilder
			// because it does not properly support generics
			//
			return System.Enum.ToObject (type.GetMetaInfo (), Child.GetValue ());
		}
#endif

		public override string GetValueAsLiteral ()
		{
			return Child.GetValueAsLiteral ();
		}

		public override long GetValueAsLong ()
		{
			return Child.GetValueAsLong ();
		}

		public EnumConstant Increment()
		{
			return new EnumConstant (((IntegralConstant) Child).Increment (), type);
		}

		public override bool IsDefaultValue {
			get {
				return Child.IsDefaultValue;
			}
		}

		public override bool IsSideEffectFree {
			get {
				return Child.IsSideEffectFree;
			}
		}

		public override bool IsZeroInteger {
			get { return Child.IsZeroInteger; }
		}

		public override bool IsNegative {
			get {
				return Child.IsNegative;
			}
		}

		public override Constant ConvertExplicitly (bool in_checked_context, TypeSpec target_type)
		{
			if (Child.Type == target_type)
				return Child;

			return Child.ConvertExplicitly (in_checked_context, target_type);
		}

		public override Constant ConvertImplicitly (TypeSpec type)
		{
			if (this.type == type) {
				return this;
			}

			if (!Convert.ImplicitStandardConversionExists (this, type)){
				return null;
			}

			return Child.ConvertImplicitly (type);
		}
	}

	/// <summary>
	///   This kind of cast is used to encapsulate Value Types in objects.
	///
	///   The effect of it is to box the value type emitted by the previous
	///   operation.
	/// </summary>
	public class BoxedCast : TypeCast {

		public BoxedCast (Expression expr, TypeSpec target_type)
			: base (expr, target_type)
		{
			eclass = ExprClass.Value;
		}
		
		protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext ec)
		{
			// This should never be invoked, we are born in fully
			// initialized state.

			return this;
		}

		public override void EncodeAttributeValue (IMemberContext rc, AttributeEncoder enc, TypeSpec targetType, TypeSpec parameterType)
		{
			// Only boxing to object type is supported
			if (targetType.BuiltinType != BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Object) {
				base.EncodeAttributeValue (rc, enc, targetType, parameterType);
				return;
			}

			enc.Encode (child.Type);
			child.EncodeAttributeValue (rc, enc, child.Type, parameterType);
		}

		public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
		{
			base.Emit (ec);
			
			ec.Emit (OpCodes.Box, child.Type);
		}

		public override void EmitSideEffect (EmitContext ec)
		{
			// boxing is side-effectful, since it involves runtime checks, except when boxing to Object or ValueType
			// so, we need to emit the box+pop instructions in most cases
			if (child.Type.IsStruct &&
			    (type.BuiltinType == BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Object || type.BuiltinType == BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.ValueType))
				child.EmitSideEffect (ec);
			else
				base.EmitSideEffect (ec);
		}
	}

	public class UnboxCast : TypeCast {
		public UnboxCast (Expression expr, TypeSpec return_type)
			: base (expr, return_type)
		{
		}

		protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext ec)
		{
			// This should never be invoked, we are born in fully
			// initialized state.

			return this;
		}

		public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
		{
			base.Emit (ec);

			ec.Emit (OpCodes.Unbox_Any, type);
		}
	}
	
	/// <summary>
	///   This is used to perform explicit numeric conversions.
	///
	///   Explicit numeric conversions might trigger exceptions in a checked
	///   context, so they should generate the conv.ovf opcodes instead of
	///   conv opcodes.
	/// </summary>
	public class ConvCast : TypeCast {
		public enum Mode : byte {
			I1_U1, I1_U2, I1_U4, I1_U8, I1_CH,
			U1_I1, U1_CH,
			I2_I1, I2_U1, I2_U2, I2_U4, I2_U8, I2_CH,
			U2_I1, U2_U1, U2_I2, U2_CH,
			I4_I1, I4_U1, I4_I2, I4_U2, I4_U4, I4_U8, I4_CH,
			U4_I1, U4_U1, U4_I2, U4_U2, U4_I4, U4_CH,
			I8_I1, I8_U1, I8_I2, I8_U2, I8_I4, I8_U4, I8_U8, I8_CH, I8_I,
			U8_I1, U8_U1, U8_I2, U8_U2, U8_I4, U8_U4, U8_I8, U8_CH, U8_I,
			CH_I1, CH_U1, CH_I2,
			R4_I1, R4_U1, R4_I2, R4_U2, R4_I4, R4_U4, R4_I8, R4_U8, R4_CH,
			R8_I1, R8_U1, R8_I2, R8_U2, R8_I4, R8_U4, R8_I8, R8_U8, R8_CH, R8_R4,
			I_I8,
		}

		Mode mode;
		
		public ConvCast (Expression child, TypeSpec return_type, Mode m)
			: base (child, return_type)
		{
			mode = m;
		}

		protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext ec)
		{
			// This should never be invoked, we are born in fully
			// initialized state.

			return this;
		}

		public override string ToString ()
		{
			return String.Format ("ConvCast ({0}, {1})", mode, child);
		}
		
		public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
		{
			base.Emit (ec);
			Emit (ec, mode);
		}

		public static void Emit (EmitContext ec, Mode mode)
		{
			if (ec.HasSet (EmitContext.Options.CheckedScope)) {
				switch (mode){
				case Mode.I1_U1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U1); break;
				case Mode.I1_U2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U2); break;
				case Mode.I1_U4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U4); break;
				case Mode.I1_U8: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U8); break;
				case Mode.I1_CH: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U2); break;

				case Mode.U1_I1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I1_Un); break;
				case Mode.U1_CH: /* nothing */ break;

				case Mode.I2_I1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I1); break;
				case Mode.I2_U1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U1); break;
				case Mode.I2_U2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U2); break;
				case Mode.I2_U4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U4); break;
				case Mode.I2_U8: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U8); break;
				case Mode.I2_CH: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U2); break;

				case Mode.U2_I1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I1_Un); break;
				case Mode.U2_U1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U1_Un); break;
				case Mode.U2_I2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I2_Un); break;
				case Mode.U2_CH: /* nothing */ break;

				case Mode.I4_I1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I1); break;
				case Mode.I4_U1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U1); break;
				case Mode.I4_I2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I2); break;
				case Mode.I4_U4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U4); break;
				case Mode.I4_U2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U2); break;
				case Mode.I4_U8: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U8); break;
				case Mode.I4_CH: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U2); break;

				case Mode.U4_I1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I1_Un); break;
				case Mode.U4_U1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U1_Un); break;
				case Mode.U4_I2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I2_Un); break;
				case Mode.U4_U2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U2_Un); break;
				case Mode.U4_I4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I4_Un); break;
				case Mode.U4_CH: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U2_Un); break;

				case Mode.I8_I1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I1); break;
				case Mode.I8_U1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U1); break;
				case Mode.I8_I2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I2); break;
				case Mode.I8_U2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U2); break;
				case Mode.I8_I4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I4); break;
				case Mode.I8_U4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U4); break;
				case Mode.I8_U8: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U8); break;
				case Mode.I8_CH: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U2); break;
				case Mode.I8_I: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U); break;

				case Mode.U8_I1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I1_Un); break;
				case Mode.U8_U1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U1_Un); break;
				case Mode.U8_I2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I2_Un); break;
				case Mode.U8_U2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U2_Un); break;
				case Mode.U8_I4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I4_Un); break;
				case Mode.U8_U4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U4_Un); break;
				case Mode.U8_I8: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I8_Un); break;
				case Mode.U8_CH: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U2_Un); break;
				case Mode.U8_I: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U_Un); break;

				case Mode.CH_I1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I1_Un); break;
				case Mode.CH_U1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U1_Un); break;
				case Mode.CH_I2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I2_Un); break;

				case Mode.R4_I1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I1); break;
				case Mode.R4_U1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U1); break;
				case Mode.R4_I2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I2); break;
				case Mode.R4_U2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U2); break;
				case Mode.R4_I4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I4); break;
				case Mode.R4_U4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U4); break;
				case Mode.R4_I8: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I8); break;
				case Mode.R4_U8: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U8); break;
				case Mode.R4_CH: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U2); break;

				case Mode.R8_I1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I1); break;
				case Mode.R8_U1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U1); break;
				case Mode.R8_I2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I2); break;
				case Mode.R8_U2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U2); break;
				case Mode.R8_I4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I4); break;
				case Mode.R8_U4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U4); break;
				case Mode.R8_I8: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I8); break;
				case Mode.R8_U8: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U8); break;
				case Mode.R8_CH: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U2); break;
				case Mode.R8_R4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_R4); break;

				case Mode.I_I8: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I8_Un); break;
				}
			} else {
				switch (mode){
				case Mode.I1_U1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U1); break;
				case Mode.I1_U2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U2); break;
				case Mode.I1_U4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U4); break;
				case Mode.I1_U8: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I8); break;
				case Mode.I1_CH: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U2); break;

				case Mode.U1_I1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I1); break;
				case Mode.U1_CH: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U2); break;

				case Mode.I2_I1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I1); break;
				case Mode.I2_U1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U1); break;
				case Mode.I2_U2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U2); break;
				case Mode.I2_U4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U4); break;
				case Mode.I2_U8: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I8); break;
				case Mode.I2_CH: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U2); break;

				case Mode.U2_I1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I1); break;
				case Mode.U2_U1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U1); break;
				case Mode.U2_I2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I2); break;
				case Mode.U2_CH: /* nothing */ break;

				case Mode.I4_I1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I1); break;
				case Mode.I4_U1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U1); break;
				case Mode.I4_I2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I2); break;
				case Mode.I4_U4: /* nothing */ break;
				case Mode.I4_U2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U2); break;
				case Mode.I4_U8: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I8); break;
				case Mode.I4_CH: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U2); break;

				case Mode.U4_I1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I1); break;
				case Mode.U4_U1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U1); break;
				case Mode.U4_I2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I2); break;
				case Mode.U4_U2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U2); break;
				case Mode.U4_I4: /* nothing */ break;
				case Mode.U4_CH: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U2); break;

				case Mode.I8_I1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I1); break;
				case Mode.I8_U1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U1); break;
				case Mode.I8_I2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I2); break;
				case Mode.I8_U2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U2); break;
				case Mode.I8_I4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I4); break;
				case Mode.I8_U4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U4); break;
				case Mode.I8_U8: /* nothing */ break;
				case Mode.I8_CH: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U2); break;
				case Mode.I8_I: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U); break;

				case Mode.U8_I1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I1); break;
				case Mode.U8_U1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U1); break;
				case Mode.U8_I2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I2); break;
				case Mode.U8_U2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U2); break;
				case Mode.U8_I4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I4); break;
				case Mode.U8_U4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U4); break;
				case Mode.U8_I8: /* nothing */ break;
				case Mode.U8_CH: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U2); break;
				case Mode.U8_I: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U); break;

				case Mode.CH_I1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I1); break;
				case Mode.CH_U1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U1); break;
				case Mode.CH_I2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I2); break;

				case Mode.R4_I1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I1); break;
				case Mode.R4_U1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U1); break;
				case Mode.R4_I2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I2); break;
				case Mode.R4_U2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U2); break;
				case Mode.R4_I4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I4); break;
				case Mode.R4_U4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U4); break;
				case Mode.R4_I8: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I8); break;
				case Mode.R4_U8: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U8); break;
				case Mode.R4_CH: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U2); break;

				case Mode.R8_I1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I1); break;
				case Mode.R8_U1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U1); break;
				case Mode.R8_I2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I2); break;
				case Mode.R8_U2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U2); break;
				case Mode.R8_I4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I4); break;
				case Mode.R8_U4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U4); break;
				case Mode.R8_I8: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I8); break;
				case Mode.R8_U8: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U8); break;
				case Mode.R8_CH: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U2); break;
				case Mode.R8_R4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_R4); break;

				case Mode.I_I8: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U8); break;
				}
			}
		}
	}
	
	class OpcodeCast : TypeCast
	{
		readonly OpCode op;
		
		public OpcodeCast (Expression child, TypeSpec return_type, OpCode op)
			: base (child, return_type)
		{
			this.op = op;
		}

		protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext ec)
		{
			// This should never be invoked, we are born in fully
			// initialized state.

			return this;
		}

		public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
		{
			base.Emit (ec);
			ec.Emit (op);
		}

		public TypeSpec UnderlyingType {
			get { return child.Type; }
		}
	}

	//
	// Opcode casts expression with 2 opcodes but only
	// single expression tree node
	//
	class OpcodeCastDuplex : OpcodeCast
	{
		readonly OpCode second;

		public OpcodeCastDuplex (Expression child, TypeSpec returnType, OpCode first, OpCode second)
			: base (child, returnType, first)
		{
			this.second = second;
		}

		public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
		{
			base.Emit (ec);
			ec.Emit (second);
		}
	}

	/// <summary>
	///   This kind of cast is used to encapsulate a child and cast it
	///   to the class requested
	/// </summary>
	public sealed class ClassCast : TypeCast {
		readonly bool forced;
		
		public ClassCast (Expression child, TypeSpec return_type)
			: base (child, return_type)
		{
		}
		
		public ClassCast (Expression child, TypeSpec return_type, bool forced)
			: base (child, return_type)
		{
			this.forced = forced;
		}

		public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
		{
			base.Emit (ec);

			bool gen = TypeManager.IsGenericParameter (child.Type);
			if (gen)
				ec.Emit (OpCodes.Box, child.Type);
			
			if (type.IsGenericParameter) {
				ec.Emit (OpCodes.Unbox_Any, type);
				return;
			}
			
			if (gen && !forced)
				return;
			
			ec.Emit (OpCodes.Castclass, type);
		}
	}

	//
	// Created during resolving pahse when an expression is wrapped or constantified
	// and original expression can be used later (e.g. for expression trees)
	//
	public class ReducedExpression : Expression
	{
		public class ReducedConstantExpression : EmptyConstantCast
		{
			readonly Expression orig_expr;

			public ReducedConstantExpression (Constant expr, Expression orig_expr)
				: base (expr, expr.Type)
			{
				this.orig_expr = orig_expr;
			}

			public Expression OriginalExpression {
				get {
					return orig_expr;
				}
			}

			public override Constant ConvertImplicitly (TypeSpec target_type)
			{
				Constant c = base.ConvertImplicitly (target_type);
				if (c != null)
					c = new ReducedConstantExpression (c, orig_expr);

				return c;
			}

			public override Expression CreateExpressionTree (ResolveContext ec)
			{
				return orig_expr.CreateExpressionTree (ec);
			}

			public override Constant ConvertExplicitly (bool in_checked_context, TypeSpec target_type)
			{
				Constant c = base.ConvertExplicitly (in_checked_context, target_type);
				if (c != null)
					c = new ReducedConstantExpression (c, orig_expr);
				return c;
			}

			public override void EncodeAttributeValue (IMemberContext rc, AttributeEncoder enc, TypeSpec targetType, TypeSpec parameterType)
			{
				//
				// LAMESPEC: Reduced conditional expression is allowed as an attribute argument
				//
				if (orig_expr is Conditional)
					child.EncodeAttributeValue (rc, enc, targetType,parameterType);
				else
					base.EncodeAttributeValue (rc, enc, targetType, parameterType);
			}
		}

		sealed class ReducedConstantStatement : ReducedConstantExpression, IReducedExpressionStatement
		{
			public ReducedConstantStatement (Constant expr, Expression origExpr)
				: base (expr, origExpr)
			{
			}
		}

		sealed class ReducedExpressionStatement : ExpressionStatement
		{
			readonly Expression orig_expr;
			readonly ExpressionStatement stm;

			public ReducedExpressionStatement (ExpressionStatement stm, Expression orig)
			{
				this.orig_expr = orig;
				this.stm = stm;
				this.eclass = stm.eclass;
				this.type = stm.Type;

				this.loc = orig.Location;
			}

			public override bool ContainsEmitWithAwait ()
			{
				return stm.ContainsEmitWithAwait ();
			}

			public override Expression CreateExpressionTree (ResolveContext ec)
			{
				return orig_expr.CreateExpressionTree (ec);
			}

			protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext ec)
			{
				return this;
			}

			public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
			{
				stm.Emit (ec);
			}

			public override void EmitStatement (EmitContext ec)
			{
				stm.EmitStatement (ec);
			}

			public override void FlowAnalysis (FlowAnalysisContext fc)
			{
				stm.FlowAnalysis (fc);
			}
		}

		readonly Expression expr, orig_expr;

		private ReducedExpression (Expression expr, Expression orig_expr)
		{
			this.expr = expr;
			this.eclass = expr.eclass;
			this.type = expr.Type;
			this.orig_expr = orig_expr;
			this.loc = orig_expr.Location;
		}

		#region Properties

		public override bool IsSideEffectFree {
			get {
				return expr.IsSideEffectFree;
			}
		}

		public Expression OriginalExpression {
			get {
				return orig_expr;
			}
		}

		#endregion

		public override bool ContainsEmitWithAwait ()
		{
			return expr.ContainsEmitWithAwait ();
		}

		//
		// Creates fully resolved expression switcher
		//
		public static Constant Create (Constant expr, Expression originalExpr)
		{
			if (expr.eclass == ExprClass.Unresolved)
				throw new ArgumentException ("Unresolved expression");

			if (originalExpr is ExpressionStatement)
				return new ReducedConstantStatement (expr, originalExpr);

			return new ReducedConstantExpression (expr, originalExpr);
		}

		public static ExpressionStatement Create (ExpressionStatement s, Expression orig)
		{
			return new ReducedExpressionStatement (s, orig);
		}

		public static Expression Create (Expression expr, Expression original_expr)
		{
			return Create (expr, original_expr, true);
		}

		//
		// Creates unresolved reduce expression. The original expression has to be
		// already resolved. Created expression is constant based based on `expr'
		// value unless canBeConstant is used
		//
		public static Expression Create (Expression expr, Expression original_expr, bool canBeConstant)
		{
			if (canBeConstant) {
				Constant c = expr as Constant;
				if (c != null)
					return Create (c, original_expr);
			}

			ExpressionStatement s = expr as ExpressionStatement;
			if (s != null)
				return Create (s, original_expr);

			if (expr.eclass == ExprClass.Unresolved)
				throw new ArgumentException ("Unresolved expression");

			return new ReducedExpression (expr, original_expr);
		}

		public override Expression CreateExpressionTree (ResolveContext ec)
		{
			return orig_expr.CreateExpressionTree (ec);
		}

		protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext ec)
		{
			return this;
		}

		public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
		{
			expr.Emit (ec);
		}

		public override Expression EmitToField (EmitContext ec)
		{
 			return expr.EmitToField(ec);
		}

		public override void EmitBranchable (EmitContext ec, Label target, bool on_true)
		{
			expr.EmitBranchable (ec, target, on_true);
		}

		public override void FlowAnalysis (FlowAnalysisContext fc)
		{
			orig_expr.FlowAnalysis (fc);
		}

		public override void FlowAnalysisConditional (FlowAnalysisContext fc)
		{
			orig_expr.FlowAnalysisConditional (fc);
		}

		public override SLE.Expression MakeExpression (BuilderContext ctx)
		{
			return orig_expr.MakeExpression (ctx);
		}

		public override Reachability MarkReachable (Reachability rc)
		{
			return expr.MarkReachable (rc);
		}
	}

	//
	// Standard composite pattern
	//
	public abstract class CompositeExpression : Expression
	{
		protected Expression expr;

		protected CompositeExpression (Expression expr)
		{
			this.expr = expr;
			this.loc = expr.Location;
		}

		public override bool ContainsEmitWithAwait ()
		{
			return expr.ContainsEmitWithAwait ();
		}

		public override Expression CreateExpressionTree (ResolveContext rc)
		{
			return expr.CreateExpressionTree (rc);
		}

		public Expression Child {
			get { return expr; }
		}

		protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext rc)
		{
			expr = expr.Resolve (rc);
			if (expr == null)
				return null;

			type = expr.Type;
			eclass = expr.eclass;
			return this;
		}

		public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
		{
			expr.Emit (ec);
		}

		public override bool IsNull {
			get { return expr.IsNull; }
		}
	}

	//
	// Base of expressions used only to narrow resolve flow
	//
	public abstract class ShimExpression : Expression
	{
		protected Expression expr;

		protected ShimExpression (Expression expr)
		{
			this.expr = expr;
		}

		public Expression Expr {
			get {
				return expr;
			}
		}

		protected override void CloneTo (CloneContext clonectx, Expression t)
		{
			if (expr == null)
				return;

			ShimExpression target = (ShimExpression) t;
			target.expr = expr.Clone (clonectx);
		}

		public override bool ContainsEmitWithAwait ()
		{
			return expr.ContainsEmitWithAwait ();
		}

		public override Expression CreateExpressionTree (ResolveContext ec)
		{
			throw new NotSupportedException ("ET");
		}

		public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
		{
			throw new InternalErrorException ("Missing Resolve call");
		}
	}

	public class UnreachableExpression : Expression
	{
		public UnreachableExpression (Expression expr)
		{
			this.loc = expr.Location;
		}

		public override Expression CreateExpressionTree (ResolveContext ec)
		{
			// TODO: is it ok
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}

		protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext rc)
		{
			throw new NotSupportedException ();
		}

		public override void FlowAnalysis (FlowAnalysisContext fc)
		{
			fc.Report.Warning (429, 4, loc, "Unreachable expression code detected");
		}

		public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
		{
		}

		public override void EmitBranchable (EmitContext ec, Label target, bool on_true)
		{
		}
	}

	//
	// Unresolved type name expressions
	//
	public abstract class ATypeNameExpression : FullNamedExpression
	{
		string name;
		protected TypeArguments targs;

		protected ATypeNameExpression (string name, Location l)
		{
			this.name = name;
			loc = l;
		}

		protected ATypeNameExpression (string name, TypeArguments targs, Location l)
		{
			this.name = name;
			this.targs = targs;
			loc = l;
		}

		protected ATypeNameExpression (string name, int arity, Location l)
			: this (name, new UnboundTypeArguments (arity, l), l)
		{
		}

		#region Properties

		public int Arity {
			get {
				return targs == null ? 0 : targs.Count;
			}
		}

		public bool HasTypeArguments {
			get {
				return targs != null && !targs.IsEmpty;
			}
		}

		public string Name {
			get {
				return name;
			}
			set {
				name = value;
			}
		}

		public TypeArguments TypeArguments {
			get {
				return targs;
			}
		}

		#endregion

		public override bool Equals (object obj)
		{
			ATypeNameExpression atne = obj as ATypeNameExpression;
			return atne != null && atne.Name == Name &&
				(targs == null || targs.Equals (atne.targs));
		}

		public override int GetHashCode ()
		{
			return Name.GetHashCode ();
		}

		// TODO: Move it to MemberCore
		public static string GetMemberType (MemberCore mc)
		{
			if (mc is Property)
				return "property";
			if (mc is Indexer)
				return "indexer";
			if (mc is FieldBase)
				return "field";
			if (mc is MethodCore)
				return "method";
			if (mc is EnumMember)
				return "enum";
			if (mc is Event)
				return "event";

			return "type";
		}

		public override string GetSignatureForError ()
		{
			if (targs != null) {
				return Name + "<" + targs.GetSignatureForError () + ">";
			}

			return Name;
		}

		public abstract Expression LookupNameExpression (ResolveContext rc, MemberLookupRestrictions restriction);
	}
	
	/// <summary>
	///   SimpleName expressions are formed of a single word and only happen at the beginning 
	///   of a dotted-name.
	/// </summary>
	public class SimpleName : ATypeNameExpression
	{
		public SimpleName (string name, Location l)
			: base (name, l)
		{
		}

		public SimpleName (string name, TypeArguments args, Location l)
			: base (name, args, l)
		{
		}

		public SimpleName (string name, int arity, Location l)
			: base (name, arity, l)
		{
		}

		public SimpleName GetMethodGroup ()
		{
			return new SimpleName (Name, targs, loc);
		}

		protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext rc)
		{
			return SimpleNameResolve (rc, null);
		}

		public override Expression DoResolveLValue (ResolveContext ec, Expression right_side)
		{
			return SimpleNameResolve (ec, right_side);
		}

		public void Error_NameDoesNotExist (ResolveContext rc)
		{
			rc.Report.Error (103, loc, "The name `{0}' does not exist in the current context", Name);
		}

		protected virtual void Error_TypeOrNamespaceNotFound (IMemberContext ctx)
		{
			if (ctx.CurrentType != null) {
				var member = MemberLookup (ctx, false, ctx.CurrentType, Name, 0, MemberLookupRestrictions.ExactArity, loc) as MemberExpr;
				if (member != null) {
					Error_UnexpectedKind (ctx, member, "type", member.KindName, loc);
					return;
				}
			}

			var report = ctx.Module.Compiler.Report;

			var retval = ctx.LookupNamespaceOrType (Name, Arity, LookupMode.IgnoreAccessibility, loc);
			if (retval != null) {
				report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (retval.Type);
				ErrorIsInaccesible (ctx, retval.GetSignatureForError (), loc);
				return;
			}

			retval = ctx.LookupNamespaceOrType (Name, -System.Math.Max (1, Arity), LookupMode.Probing, loc);
			if (retval != null) {
				Error_TypeArgumentsCannotBeUsed (ctx, retval.Type, loc);
				return;
			}

			var ns_candidates = ctx.Module.GlobalRootNamespace.FindTypeNamespaces (ctx, Name, Arity);
			if (ns_candidates != null) {
				if (ctx is UsingAliasNamespace.AliasContext) {
					report.Error (246, loc,
						"The type or namespace name `{1}' could not be found. Consider using fully qualified name `{0}.{1}'",
						ns_candidates[0], Name);
				} else {
					string usings = string.Join ("' or `", ns_candidates.ToArray ());
					report.Error (246, loc,
						"The type or namespace name `{0}' could not be found. Are you missing `{1}' using directive?",
						Name, usings);
				}
			} else {
				report.Error (246, loc,
					"The type or namespace name `{0}' could not be found. Are you missing an assembly reference?",
					Name);
			}
		}

		public override FullNamedExpression ResolveAsTypeOrNamespace (IMemberContext mc, bool allowUnboundTypeArguments)
		{
			FullNamedExpression fne = mc.LookupNamespaceOrType (Name, Arity, LookupMode.Normal, loc);

			if (fne != null) {
				if (fne.Type != null && Arity > 0) {
					if (HasTypeArguments) {
						GenericTypeExpr ct = new GenericTypeExpr (fne.Type, targs, loc);
						if (ct.ResolveAsType (mc) == null)
							return null;

						return ct;
					}

					targs.Resolve (mc, allowUnboundTypeArguments);

					return new GenericOpenTypeExpr (fne.Type, loc);
				}

				//
				// dynamic namespace is ignored when dynamic is allowed (does not apply to types)
				//
				if (!(fne is NamespaceExpression))
					return fne;
			}

			if (Arity == 0 && Name == "dynamic" && !(mc is NamespaceContainer) && mc.Module.Compiler.Settings.Version > LanguageVersion.V_3) {
				if (!mc.Module.PredefinedAttributes.Dynamic.IsDefined) {
					mc.Module.Compiler.Report.Error (1980, Location,
						"Dynamic keyword requires `{0}' to be defined. Are you missing System.Core.dll assembly reference?",
						mc.Module.PredefinedAttributes.Dynamic.GetSignatureForError ());
				}

				fne = new DynamicTypeExpr (loc);
				fne.ResolveAsType (mc);
			}

			if (fne != null)
				return fne;

			Error_TypeOrNamespaceNotFound (mc);
			return null;
		}

		bool IsPossibleTypeOrNamespace (IMemberContext mc)
		{
			//
			// Has to ignore static usings because we are looking for any member not just type
			// in this context
			//
			return mc.LookupNamespaceOrType (Name, Arity, LookupMode.Probing | LookupMode.IgnoreStaticUsing, loc) != null;
		}

		public bool IsPossibleType (IMemberContext mc)
		{
			return mc.LookupNamespaceOrType (Name, Arity, LookupMode.Probing, loc) is TypeExpr;
		}

		public override Expression LookupNameExpression (ResolveContext rc, MemberLookupRestrictions restrictions)
		{
			int lookup_arity = Arity;
			bool errorMode = false;
			Expression e;
			Block current_block = rc.CurrentBlock;
			INamedBlockVariable variable = null;
			bool variable_found = false;

			while (true) {
				//
				// Stage 1: binding to local variables or parameters
				//
				// LAMESPEC: It should take invocableOnly into account but that would break csc compatibility
				//
				if (current_block != null && lookup_arity == 0) {
					if (current_block.ParametersBlock.TopBlock.GetLocalName (Name, current_block.Original, ref variable)) {
						if (!variable.IsDeclared) {
							// We found local name in accessible block but it's not
							// initialized yet, maybe the user wanted to bind to something else
							errorMode = true;
							variable_found = true;
						} else {
							e = variable.CreateReferenceExpression (rc, loc);
							if (e != null) {
								if (Arity > 0)
									Error_TypeArgumentsCannotBeUsed (rc, "variable", Name, loc);

								return e;
							}
						}
					}
				}

				//
				// Stage 2: Lookup members if we are inside a type up to top level type for nested types
				//
				TypeSpec member_type = rc.CurrentType;
				for (; member_type != null; member_type = member_type.DeclaringType) {
					e = MemberLookup (rc, errorMode, member_type, Name, lookup_arity, restrictions, loc);
					if (e == null)
						continue;

					var me = e as MemberExpr;
					if (me == null) {
						// The name matches a type, defer to ResolveAsTypeStep
						if (e is TypeExpr)
							break;

						continue;
					}

					if (errorMode) {
						if (variable != null) {
							if (me is FieldExpr || me is ConstantExpr || me is EventExpr || me is PropertyExpr) {
								rc.Report.Error (844, loc,
									"A local variable `{0}' cannot be used before it is declared. Consider renaming the local variable when it hides the member `{1}'",
									Name, me.GetSignatureForError ());
							} else {
								break;
							}
						} else if (me is MethodGroupExpr || me is PropertyExpr || me is IndexerExpr) {
							// Leave it to overload resolution to report correct error
						} else {
							// TODO: rc.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError ()
							ErrorIsInaccesible (rc, me.GetSignatureForError (), loc);
						}
					} else {
						//
						// MemberLookup does not check accessors availability, this is actually needed for properties only
						//
						var pe = me as PropertyExpr;
						if (pe != null) {

							// Break as there is no other overload available anyway
							if ((restrictions & MemberLookupRestrictions.ReadAccess) != 0) {
								if (!pe.PropertyInfo.HasGet || !pe.PropertyInfo.Get.IsAccessible (rc))
									break;

								pe.Getter = pe.PropertyInfo.Get;
							} else {
								if (!pe.PropertyInfo.HasSet) {
									if (rc.HasSet (ResolveContext.Options.ConstructorScope) && pe.IsAutoPropertyAccess &&
										pe.PropertyInfo.DeclaringType == rc.CurrentType && pe.IsStatic == rc.IsStatic) {
										var p = (Property) pe.PropertyInfo.MemberDefinition;
										return new FieldExpr (p.BackingField, loc);
									}

									variable_found = true;
									break;
								}

								if (!pe.PropertyInfo.Set.IsAccessible (rc)) {
									variable_found = true;
									break;
								}

								pe.Setter = pe.PropertyInfo.Set;
							}
						}
					}

					// TODO: It's used by EventExpr -> FieldExpr transformation only
					// TODO: Should go to MemberAccess
					me = me.ResolveMemberAccess (rc, null, null);

					if (Arity > 0) {
						targs.Resolve (rc, false);
						me.SetTypeArguments (rc, targs);
					}

					return me;
				}

				//
				// Stage 3: Lookup nested types, namespaces and type parameters in the context
				//
				if ((restrictions & MemberLookupRestrictions.InvocableOnly) == 0 && !variable_found) {
					if (IsPossibleTypeOrNamespace (rc)) {
						return ResolveAsTypeOrNamespace (rc, false);
					}
				}

				var expr = NamespaceContainer.LookupStaticUsings (rc, Name, Arity, loc);
				if (expr != null) {
					if (Arity > 0) {
						targs.Resolve (rc, false);

						var me = expr as MemberExpr;
						if (me != null)
							me.SetTypeArguments (rc, targs);
					}
					return expr;
				}

				if ((restrictions & MemberLookupRestrictions.NameOfExcluded) == 0 && Name == "nameof")
					return new NameOf (this);

				if ((restrictions & MemberLookupRestrictions.ReadAccess) == 0 && Name == "_") {
					if (rc.Module.Compiler.Settings.Version < LanguageVersion.V_7)
						rc.Report.FeatureIsNotAvailable (rc.Module.Compiler, loc, "discards");

					return new Discard (loc).Resolve (rc);
				}

				if (errorMode) {
					if (variable_found) {
						rc.Report.Error (841, loc, "A local variable `{0}' cannot be used before it is declared", Name);
					} else {
						if (Arity > 0) {
							var tparams = rc.CurrentTypeParameters;
							if (tparams != null) {
								if (tparams.Find (Name) != null) {
									Error_TypeArgumentsCannotBeUsed (rc, "type parameter", Name, loc);
									return null;
								}
							}

							var ct = rc.CurrentType;
							do {
								if (ct.MemberDefinition.TypeParametersCount > 0) {
									foreach (var ctp in ct.MemberDefinition.TypeParameters) {
										if (ctp.Name == Name) {
											Error_TypeArgumentsCannotBeUsed (rc, "type parameter", Name, loc);
											return null;
										}
									}
								}

								ct = ct.DeclaringType;
							} while (ct != null);
						}

						if ((restrictions & MemberLookupRestrictions.InvocableOnly) == 0) {
							e = rc.LookupNamespaceOrType (Name, Arity, LookupMode.IgnoreAccessibility, loc);
							if (e != null) {
								rc.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (e.Type);
								ErrorIsInaccesible (rc, e.GetSignatureForError (), loc);
								return e;
							}
						} else {
							var me = MemberLookup (rc, false, rc.CurrentType, Name, Arity, restrictions & ~MemberLookupRestrictions.InvocableOnly, loc) as MemberExpr;
							if (me != null) {
								Error_UnexpectedKind (rc, me, "method group", me.KindName, loc);
								return ErrorExpression.Instance;
							}
						}

						e = rc.LookupNamespaceOrType (Name, -System.Math.Max (1, Arity), LookupMode.Probing, loc);
						if (e != null) {
							if (e.Type.Arity != Arity && (restrictions & MemberLookupRestrictions.IgnoreArity) == 0) {
								Error_TypeArgumentsCannotBeUsed (rc, e.Type, loc);
								return e;
							}

							if (e is TypeExpr) {
								// TypeExpression does not have correct location
								if (e is TypeExpression)
									e = new TypeExpression (e.Type, loc);

								return e;
							}
						}

						Error_NameDoesNotExist (rc);
					}

					return ErrorExpression.Instance;
				}

				if (rc.Module.Evaluator != null) {
					var fi = rc.Module.Evaluator.LookupField (Name);
					if (fi != null)
						return new FieldExpr (fi.Item1, loc);
				}

				lookup_arity = 0;
				errorMode = true;
			}
		}
		
		Expression SimpleNameResolve (ResolveContext ec, Expression right_side)
		{
			Expression e = LookupNameExpression (ec, right_side == null ? MemberLookupRestrictions.ReadAccess : MemberLookupRestrictions.None);

			if (e == null)
				return null;

			if (e is FullNamedExpression && e.eclass != ExprClass.Unresolved) {
				Error_UnexpectedKind (ec, e, "variable", e.ExprClassName, loc);
				return e;
			}

			if (right_side != null) {
				e = e.ResolveLValue (ec, right_side);
			} else {
				e = e.Resolve (ec);
			}

			return e;
		}
		
		public override object Accept (StructuralVisitor visitor)
		{
			return visitor.Visit (this);
		}
	}

	/// <summary>
	///   Represents a namespace or a type.  The name of the class was inspired by
	///   section 10.8.1 (Fully Qualified Names).
	/// </summary>
	public abstract class FullNamedExpression : Expression
	{
		protected override void CloneTo (CloneContext clonectx, Expression target)
		{
			// Do nothing, most unresolved type expressions cannot be
			// resolved to different type
		}

		public override bool ContainsEmitWithAwait ()
		{
			return false;
		}

		public override Expression CreateExpressionTree (ResolveContext ec)
		{
			throw new NotSupportedException ("ET");
		}

		public abstract FullNamedExpression ResolveAsTypeOrNamespace (IMemberContext mc, bool allowUnboundTypeArguments);

		//
		// This is used to resolve the expression as a type, a null
		// value will be returned if the expression is not a type
		// reference
		//
		public override TypeSpec ResolveAsType (IMemberContext mc, bool allowUnboundTypeArguments = false)
		{
			FullNamedExpression fne = ResolveAsTypeOrNamespace (mc, allowUnboundTypeArguments);

			if (fne == null)
				return null;

			TypeExpr te = fne as TypeExpr;
			if (te == null) {
				Error_UnexpectedKind (mc, fne, "type", fne.ExprClassName, loc);
				return null;
			}

			te.loc = loc;

			type = te.Type;

			var dep = type.GetMissingDependencies ();
			if (dep != null) {
				ImportedTypeDefinition.Error_MissingDependency (mc, dep, loc);
			}

			if (type.Kind == MemberKind.Void) {
				mc.Module.Compiler.Report.Error (673, loc, "System.Void cannot be used from C#. Consider using `void'");
			}

			//
			// Obsolete checks cannot be done when resolving base context as they
			// require type dependencies to be set but we are in process of resolving them
			//
			if (mc is ResolveContext) {
				var oa = type.GetAttributeObsolete ();
				if (oa != null && !mc.IsObsolete)
					AttributeTester.Report_ObsoleteMessage (oa, type.GetSignatureForError (), fne.Location, mc.Module.Compiler.Report);
			}

			return type;
		}


		public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
		{
			throw new InternalErrorException ("FullNamedExpression `{0}' found in resolved tree",
				GetSignatureForError ());
		}
	}
	
	/// <summary>
	///   Expression that evaluates to a type
	/// </summary>
	public abstract class TypeExpr : FullNamedExpression
	{
		public sealed override FullNamedExpression ResolveAsTypeOrNamespace (IMemberContext mc, bool allowUnboundTypeArguments)
		{
			ResolveAsType (mc);
			return this;
		}

		protected sealed override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext ec)
		{
			ResolveAsType (ec);
			return this;
		}

		public override bool Equals (object obj)
		{
			TypeExpr tobj = obj as TypeExpr;
			if (tobj == null)
				return false;

			return Type == tobj.Type;
		}

		public override int GetHashCode ()
		{
			return Type.GetHashCode ();
		}
	}

	/// <summary>
	///   Fully resolved Expression that already evaluated to a type
	/// </summary>
	public class TypeExpression : TypeExpr
	{
		public TypeExpression (TypeSpec t, Location l)
		{
			Type = t;
			eclass = ExprClass.Type;
			loc = l;
		}

		public sealed override TypeSpec ResolveAsType (IMemberContext mc, bool allowUnboundTypeArguments = false)
		{
			return type;
		}
	}

	public class NamespaceExpression : FullNamedExpression
	{
		readonly Namespace ns;

		public NamespaceExpression (Namespace ns, Location loc)
		{
			this.ns = ns;
			this.Type = InternalType.Namespace;
			this.eclass = ExprClass.Namespace;
			this.loc = loc;
		}

		public Namespace Namespace {
			get {
				return ns;
			}
		}

		protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext rc)
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}

		public override FullNamedExpression ResolveAsTypeOrNamespace (IMemberContext mc, bool allowUnboundTypeArguments)
		{
			return this;
		}

		public void Error_NamespaceDoesNotExist (IMemberContext ctx, string name, int arity, Location loc)
		{
			var retval = Namespace.LookupType (ctx, name, arity, LookupMode.IgnoreAccessibility, loc);
			if (retval != null) {
//				ctx.Module.Compiler.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (retval.MemberDefinition);
				ErrorIsInaccesible (ctx, retval.GetSignatureForError (), loc);
				return;
			}

			retval = Namespace.LookupType (ctx, name, -System.Math.Max (1, arity), LookupMode.Probing, loc);
			if (retval != null) {
				Error_TypeArgumentsCannotBeUsed (ctx, retval, loc);
				return;
			}

			Namespace ns;
			if (arity > 0 && Namespace.TryGetNamespace (name, out ns)) {
				Error_TypeArgumentsCannotBeUsed (ctx, ExprClassName, ns.GetSignatureForError (), loc);
				return;
			}

			string assembly = null;
			string possible_name = Namespace.GetSignatureForError () + "." + name;

			// Only assembly unique name should be added
			switch (possible_name) {
			case "System.Drawing":
			case "System.Web.Services":
			case "System.Web":
			case "System.Data":
			case "System.Configuration":
			case "System.Data.Services":
			case "System.DirectoryServices":
			case "System.Json":
			case "System.Net.Http":
			case "System.Numerics":
			case "System.Runtime.Caching":
			case "System.ServiceModel":
			case "System.Transactions":
			case "System.Web.Routing":
			case "System.Xml.Linq":
			case "System.Xml":
				assembly = possible_name;
				break;

			case "System.Linq":
			case "System.Linq.Expressions":
				assembly = "System.Core";
				break;

			case "System.Windows.Forms":
			case "System.Windows.Forms.Layout":
				assembly = "System.Windows.Forms";
				break;
			}

			assembly = assembly == null ? "an" : "`" + assembly + "'";

			if (Namespace is GlobalRootNamespace) {
				ctx.Module.Compiler.Report.Error (400, loc,
					"The type or namespace name `{0}' could not be found in the global namespace. Are you missing {1} assembly reference?",
					name, assembly);
			} else {
				ctx.Module.Compiler.Report.Error (234, loc,
					"The type or namespace name `{0}' does not exist in the namespace `{1}'. Are you missing {2} assembly reference?",
					name, GetSignatureForError (), assembly);
			}
		}

		public override string GetSignatureForError ()
		{
			return ns.GetSignatureForError ();
		}

		public FullNamedExpression LookupTypeOrNamespace (IMemberContext ctx, string name, int arity, LookupMode mode, Location loc)
		{
			return ns.LookupTypeOrNamespace (ctx, name, arity, mode, loc);
		}

		public override string ToString ()
		{
			return Namespace.Name;
		}
    }

	/// <summary>
	///   This class denotes an expression which evaluates to a member
	///   of a struct or a class.
	/// </summary>
	public abstract class MemberExpr : Expression, OverloadResolver.IInstanceQualifier
	{
		protected bool conditional_access_receiver;

		//
		// An instance expression associated with this member, if it's a
		// non-static member
		//
		public Expression InstanceExpression;

		/// <summary>
		///   The name of this member.
		/// </summary>
		public abstract string Name {
			get;
		}

		//
		// When base.member is used
		//
		public bool IsBase {
			get { return InstanceExpression is BaseThis; }
		}

		/// <summary>
		///   Whether this is an instance member.
		/// </summary>
		public abstract bool IsInstance {
			get;
		}

		/// <summary>
		///   Whether this is a static member.
		/// </summary>
		public abstract bool IsStatic {
			get;
		}

		public abstract string KindName {
			get;
		}

		public bool ConditionalAccess { get; set; }

		protected abstract TypeSpec DeclaringType {
			get;
		}

		TypeSpec OverloadResolver.IInstanceQualifier.InstanceType {
			get {
				return InstanceExpression.Type;
			}
		}

		//
		// Converts best base candidate for virtual method starting from QueriedBaseType
		//
		protected MethodSpec CandidateToBaseOverride (ResolveContext rc, MethodSpec method)
		{
			//
			// Only when base.member is used and method is virtual
			//
			if (!IsBase)
				return method;

			//
			// Overload resulution works on virtual or non-virtual members only (no overrides). That
			// means for base.member access we have to find the closest match after we found best candidate
			//
			if ((method.Modifiers & (Modifiers.ABSTRACT | Modifiers.VIRTUAL | Modifiers.OVERRIDE)) != 0) {
				//
				// The method could already be what we are looking for
				//
				TypeSpec[] targs = null;
				if (method.DeclaringType != InstanceExpression.Type) {
					//
					// Candidate can have inflated MVAR parameters and we need to find
					// base match for original definition not inflated parameter types
					//
					var parameters = method.Parameters;
					if (method.Arity > 0) {
						parameters = ((IParametersMember) method.MemberDefinition).Parameters;
						var inflated = method.DeclaringType as InflatedTypeSpec;
						if (inflated != null) {
							parameters = parameters.Inflate (inflated.CreateLocalInflator (rc));
						}
					}

					var filter = new MemberFilter (method.Name, method.Arity, MemberKind.Method, parameters, null);
					var base_override = MemberCache.FindMember (InstanceExpression.Type, filter, BindingRestriction.InstanceOnly | BindingRestriction.OverrideOnly) as MethodSpec;
					if (base_override != null && base_override.DeclaringType != method.DeclaringType) {
						if (base_override.IsGeneric)
							targs = method.TypeArguments;

						method = base_override;
					}
				}

				//
				// When base access is used inside anonymous method/iterator/etc we need to
				// get back to the context of original type. We do it by emiting proxy
				// method in original class and rewriting base call to this compiler
				// generated method call which does the actual base invocation. This may
				// introduce redundant storey but with `this' only but it's tricky to avoid
				// at this stage as we don't know what expressions follow base
				//
				// TODO: It's needed only when the method with base call is moved to a storey
				//
				if (rc.CurrentAnonymousMethod != null) {
					if (targs == null && method.IsGeneric) {
						targs = method.TypeArguments;
						method = method.GetGenericMethodDefinition ();
					}

					if (method.Parameters.HasArglist)
						throw new NotImplementedException ("__arglist base call proxy");

					method = rc.CurrentMemberDefinition.Parent.PartialContainer.CreateHoistedBaseCallProxy (rc, method);

					// Ideally this should apply to any proxy rewrite but in the case of unary mutators on
					// get/set member expressions second call would fail to proxy because left expression
					// would be of 'this' and not 'base' because we share InstanceExpression for get/set
					// FIXME: The async check is another hack but will probably fail with mutators
					if (rc.CurrentType.IsStruct || rc.CurrentAnonymousMethod.Storey is AsyncTaskStorey)
						InstanceExpression = new This (loc).Resolve (rc);
				}

				if (targs != null)
					method = method.MakeGenericMethod (rc, targs);
			}

			//
			// Only base will allow this invocation to happen.
			//
			if (method.IsAbstract) {
				rc.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (method);
				Error_CannotCallAbstractBase (rc, method.GetSignatureForError ());
			}

			return method;
		}

		protected void CheckProtectedMemberAccess (ResolveContext rc, MemberSpec member)
		{
			if (InstanceExpression == null)
				return;

			if ((member.Modifiers & Modifiers.PROTECTED) != 0 && !(InstanceExpression is This)) {
				if (!CheckProtectedMemberAccess (rc, member, InstanceExpression.Type)) {
					Error_ProtectedMemberAccess (rc, member, InstanceExpression.Type, loc);
				}
			}
		}

		bool OverloadResolver.IInstanceQualifier.CheckProtectedMemberAccess (ResolveContext rc, MemberSpec member)
		{
			if (InstanceExpression == null)
				return true;

			return InstanceExpression is This || CheckProtectedMemberAccess (rc, member, InstanceExpression.Type);
		}

		public static bool CheckProtectedMemberAccess<T> (ResolveContext rc, T member, TypeSpec qualifier) where T : MemberSpec
		{
			var ct = rc.CurrentType;
			if (ct == qualifier)
				return true;

			if ((member.Modifiers & Modifiers.INTERNAL) != 0 && member.DeclaringType.MemberDefinition.IsInternalAsPublic (ct.MemberDefinition.DeclaringAssembly))
				return true;

			qualifier = qualifier.GetDefinition ();
			if (ct != qualifier && !IsSameOrBaseQualifier (ct, qualifier)) {
				return false;
			}

			return true;
		}

		public override bool ContainsEmitWithAwait ()
		{
			return InstanceExpression != null && InstanceExpression.ContainsEmitWithAwait ();
		}

		public override bool HasConditionalAccess ()
		{
			return ConditionalAccess || (InstanceExpression != null && InstanceExpression.HasConditionalAccess ());
		}

		static bool IsSameOrBaseQualifier (TypeSpec type, TypeSpec qtype)
		{
			do {
				type = type.GetDefinition ();

				if (type == qtype || TypeManager.IsFamilyAccessible (qtype, type))
					return true;

				type = type.DeclaringType;
			} while (type != null);

			return false;
		}

		protected void DoBestMemberChecks<T> (ResolveContext rc, T member) where T : MemberSpec, IInterfaceMemberSpec
		{
			if (InstanceExpression != null) {
				InstanceExpression = InstanceExpression.Resolve (rc);
				CheckProtectedMemberAccess (rc, member);
			}

			if (member.MemberType.IsPointer) {
				if (rc.CurrentIterator != null) {
					UnsafeInsideIteratorError (rc, loc);
				} else if (!rc.IsUnsafe) {
					UnsafeError (rc, loc);
				}
			}

			var dep = member.GetMissingDependencies ();
			if (dep != null) {
				ImportedTypeDefinition.Error_MissingDependency (rc, dep, loc);
			}

			member.CheckObsoleteness (rc, loc);

			if (!(member is FieldSpec))
				member.MemberDefinition.SetIsUsed ();
		}

		protected virtual void Error_CannotCallAbstractBase (ResolveContext rc, string name)
		{
			rc.Report.Error (205, loc, "Cannot call an abstract base member `{0}'", name);
		}

		public static void Error_ProtectedMemberAccess (ResolveContext rc, MemberSpec member, TypeSpec qualifier, Location loc)
		{
			rc.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (member);
			rc.Report.Error (1540, loc,
				"Cannot access protected member `{0}' via a qualifier of type `{1}'. The qualifier must be of type `{2}' or derived from it",
				member.GetSignatureForError (), qualifier.GetSignatureForError (), rc.CurrentType.GetSignatureForError ());
		}

		public override void FlowAnalysis (FlowAnalysisContext fc)
		{
			if (InstanceExpression != null) {
				InstanceExpression.FlowAnalysis (fc);
			}
		}

		protected void ResolveConditionalAccessReceiver (ResolveContext rc)
		{
			if (!rc.HasSet (ResolveContext.Options.DontSetConditionalAccessReceiver) && HasConditionalAccess ()) {
				conditional_access_receiver = true;
			}
		}

		public bool ResolveInstanceExpression (ResolveContext rc, Expression rhs)
		{
			if (!ResolveInstanceExpressionCore (rc, rhs))
				return false;

			//
			// Check intermediate value modification which won't have any effect
			//
			if (rhs != null && TypeSpec.IsValueType (InstanceExpression.Type)) {
				var fexpr = InstanceExpression as FieldExpr;
				if (fexpr != null) {
					if (!fexpr.Spec.IsReadOnly || rc.HasAny (ResolveContext.Options.FieldInitializerScope | ResolveContext.Options.ConstructorScope))
						return true;

					if (fexpr.IsStatic) {
						rc.Report.Error (1650, loc, "Fields of static readonly field `{0}' cannot be assigned to (except in a static constructor or a variable initializer)",
							fexpr.GetSignatureForError ());
					} else {
						rc.Report.Error (1648, loc, "Members of readonly field `{0}' cannot be modified (except in a constructor or a variable initializer)",
							fexpr.GetSignatureForError ());
					}

					return true;
				}

				if (InstanceExpression is PropertyExpr || InstanceExpression is IndexerExpr || InstanceExpression is Invocation) {
					if (rc.CurrentInitializerVariable != null) {
						rc.Report.Error (1918, loc, "Members of value type `{0}' cannot be assigned using a property `{1}' object initializer",
							InstanceExpression.Type.GetSignatureForError (), InstanceExpression.GetSignatureForError ());
					} else {
						rc.Report.Error (1612, loc,
							"Cannot modify a value type return value of `{0}'. Consider storing the value in a temporary variable",
							InstanceExpression.GetSignatureForError ());
					}

					return true;
				}

				var lvr = InstanceExpression as LocalVariableReference;
				if (lvr != null) {

					if (!lvr.local_info.IsReadonly)
						return true;

					rc.Report.Error (1654, loc, "Cannot assign to members of `{0}' because it is a `{1}'",
						InstanceExpression.GetSignatureForError (), lvr.local_info.GetReadOnlyContext ());
				}
			}

			return true;
		}

		bool ResolveInstanceExpressionCore (ResolveContext rc, Expression rhs)
		{
			if (IsStatic) {
				if (InstanceExpression != null) {
					if (InstanceExpression is TypeExpr) {
						var t = InstanceExpression.Type;
						do {
							t.CheckObsoleteness (rc, loc);

							t = t.DeclaringType;
						} while (t != null);
					} else {
						var runtime_expr = InstanceExpression as RuntimeValueExpression;
						if (runtime_expr == null || !runtime_expr.IsSuggestionOnly) {
							rc.Report.Error (176, loc,
								"Static member `{0}' cannot be accessed with an instance reference, qualify it with a type name instead",
								GetSignatureForError ());
						}
					}

					InstanceExpression = null;
				}

				return false;
			}

			if (InstanceExpression == null || InstanceExpression is TypeExpr) {
				if (InstanceExpression != null || !This.IsThisAvailable (rc, true)) {
					if (rc.HasSet (ResolveContext.Options.FieldInitializerScope)) {
						rc.Report.Error (236, loc,
							"A field initializer cannot reference the nonstatic field, method, or property `{0}'",
							GetSignatureForError ());
					} else {
						var fe = this as FieldExpr;
						if (fe != null && fe.Spec.MemberDefinition is PrimaryConstructorField) {
							if (rc.HasSet (ResolveContext.Options.BaseInitializer)) {
								rc.Report.Error (9005, loc, "Constructor initializer cannot access primary constructor parameters");
							} else  {
								rc.Report.Error (9006, loc, "An object reference is required to access primary constructor parameter `{0}'",
									fe.Name);
							}
						} else {
							rc.Report.Error (120, loc,
								"An object reference is required to access non-static member `{0}'",
								GetSignatureForError ());
						}
					}

					InstanceExpression = new CompilerGeneratedThis (rc.CurrentType, loc).Resolve (rc);
					return false;
				}

				if (!TypeManager.IsFamilyAccessible (rc.CurrentType, DeclaringType)) {
					rc.Report.Error (38, loc,
						"Cannot access a nonstatic member of outer type `{0}' via nested type `{1}'",
						DeclaringType.GetSignatureForError (), rc.CurrentType.GetSignatureForError ());
				}

				InstanceExpression = new This (loc).Resolve (rc);
				return false;
			}

			var me = InstanceExpression as MemberExpr;
			if (me != null) {
				me.ResolveInstanceExpressionCore (rc, rhs);

				var fe = me as FieldExpr;
				if (fe != null && fe.IsMarshalByRefAccess (rc)) {
					rc.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (me.DeclaringType);
					rc.Report.Warning (1690, 1, loc,
						"Cannot call methods, properties, or indexers on `{0}' because it is a value type member of a marshal-by-reference class",
						me.GetSignatureForError ());
				}

				return true;
			}

			//
			// Additional checks for l-value member access
			//
			if (rhs != null) {
				if (InstanceExpression is UnboxCast) {
					rc.Report.Error (445, InstanceExpression.Location, "Cannot modify the result of an unboxing conversion");
				}
			}

			return true;
		}

		public virtual MemberExpr ResolveMemberAccess (ResolveContext ec, Expression left, SimpleName original)
		{
			if (left != null && !ConditionalAccess && !ec.HasSet (ResolveContext.Options.NameOfScope) && left.IsNull && TypeSpec.IsReferenceType (left.Type)) {
				ec.Report.Warning (1720, 1, left.Location,
					"Expression will always cause a `{0}'", "System.NullReferenceException");
			}

			InstanceExpression = left;
			return this;
		}

		public virtual void ResolveNameOf (ResolveContext rc, ATypeNameExpression expr)
		{

		}

		protected void EmitInstance (EmitContext ec, bool prepare_for_load)
		{
			var inst = new InstanceEmitter (InstanceExpression, TypeSpec.IsValueType (InstanceExpression.Type));
			inst.Emit (ec, ConditionalAccess);

			if (prepare_for_load)
				ec.Emit (OpCodes.Dup);
		}

		public abstract void SetTypeArguments (ResolveContext ec, TypeArguments ta);
	}

	public class ExtensionMethodCandidates
	{
		readonly NamespaceContainer container;
		readonly IList<MethodSpec> methods;
		readonly int index;
		readonly IMemberContext context;

		public ExtensionMethodCandidates (IMemberContext context, IList<MethodSpec> methods, NamespaceContainer nsContainer, int lookupIndex)
		{
			this.context = context;
			this.methods = methods;
			this.container = nsContainer;
			this.index = lookupIndex;
		}

		public NamespaceContainer Container {
			get {
				return container;
			}
		}

		public IMemberContext Context {
			get {
				return context;
			}
		}

		public int LookupIndex {
			get {
				return index;
			}
		}

		public IList<MethodSpec> Methods {
			get {
				return methods;
			}
		}
	}

	// 
	// Represents a group of extension method candidates for whole namespace
	// 
	class ExtensionMethodGroupExpr : MethodGroupExpr, OverloadResolver.IErrorHandler
	{
		ExtensionMethodCandidates candidates;
		public Expression ExtensionExpression;

		public ExtensionMethodGroupExpr (ExtensionMethodCandidates candidates, Expression extensionExpr, Location loc)
			: base (candidates.Methods.Cast<MemberSpec>().ToList (), extensionExpr.Type, loc)
		{
			this.candidates = candidates;
			this.ExtensionExpression = extensionExpr;
		}

		public override bool IsStatic {
			get { return true; }
		}

		//
		// For extension methodgroup we are not looking for base members but parent
		// namespace extension methods
		//
		public override IList<MemberSpec> GetBaseMembers (TypeSpec type)
		{
			// TODO: candidates are null only when doing error reporting, that's
			// incorrect. We have to discover same extension methods in error mode
			if (candidates == null)
				return null;

			int arity = type_arguments == null ? 0 : type_arguments.Count;

			candidates = candidates.Container.LookupExtensionMethod (candidates.Context, Name, arity, candidates.LookupIndex);
			if (candidates == null)
				return null;

			return candidates.Methods.Cast<MemberSpec> ().ToList ();
		}

		public static bool IsExtensionTypeCompatible (TypeSpec argType, TypeSpec extensionType)
		{
			//
			// Indentity, implicit reference or boxing conversion must exist for the extension parameter
			//
			// LAMESPEC: or implicit type parameter conversion
			//
			return argType == extensionType ||
				TypeSpecComparer.IsEqual (argType, extensionType) ||
				Convert.ImplicitReferenceConversionExists (argType, extensionType, false) ||
				Convert.ImplicitBoxingConversion (null, argType, extensionType) != null;
		}

		public override void ResolveNameOf (ResolveContext rc, ATypeNameExpression expr)
		{
			rc.Report.Error (8093, expr.Location, "An argument to nameof operator cannot be extension method group");
		}

		public override MethodGroupExpr LookupExtensionMethod (ResolveContext rc)
		{
			// We are already here
			return null;
		}

		public override MethodGroupExpr OverloadResolve (ResolveContext ec, ref Arguments arguments, OverloadResolver.IErrorHandler ehandler, OverloadResolver.Restrictions restr)
		{
			if (arguments == null)
				arguments = new Arguments (1);

			ExtensionExpression = ExtensionExpression.Resolve (ec);
			if (ExtensionExpression == null)
				return null;

			var cand = candidates;
			var atype = ConditionalAccess ? Argument.AType.ExtensionTypeConditionalAccess : Argument.AType.ExtensionType;
			arguments.Insert (0, new Argument (ExtensionExpression, atype));
			var res = base.OverloadResolve (ec, ref arguments, ehandler ?? this, restr);
			
			// Restore candidates in case we are running in probing mode 
			candidates = cand;

			// Store resolved argument and restore original arguments
			if (res == null) {
				// Clean-up modified arguments for error reporting
				arguments.RemoveAt (0);
				return null;
			}

			var me = ExtensionExpression as MemberExpr;
			if (me != null) {
				me.ResolveInstanceExpression (ec, null);
				var fe = me as FieldExpr;
				if (fe != null)
					fe.Spec.MemberDefinition.SetIsUsed ();
			}

			InstanceExpression = null;
			return this;
		}

		#region IErrorHandler Members

		bool OverloadResolver.IErrorHandler.AmbiguousCandidates (ResolveContext rc, MemberSpec best, MemberSpec ambiguous)
		{
			return false;
		}

		bool OverloadResolver.IErrorHandler.ArgumentMismatch (ResolveContext rc, MemberSpec best, Argument arg, int index)
		{
			rc.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (best);

			if (index == 0) {
				rc.Report.Error (1929, loc,
					"Type `{0}' does not contain a member `{1}' and the best extension method overload `{2}' requires an instance of type `{3}'",
					queried_type.GetSignatureForError (), Name, best.GetSignatureForError (), ((MethodSpec)best).Parameters.ExtensionMethodType.GetSignatureForError ());
			} else {
				rc.Report.Error (1928, loc,
					"Type `{0}' does not contain a member `{1}' and the best extension method overload `{2}' has some invalid arguments",
					queried_type.GetSignatureForError (), Name, best.GetSignatureForError ());
			}

			return true;
		}

		bool OverloadResolver.IErrorHandler.NoArgumentMatch (ResolveContext rc, MemberSpec best)
		{
			return false;
		}

		bool OverloadResolver.IErrorHandler.TypeInferenceFailed (ResolveContext rc, MemberSpec best)
		{
			return false;
		}

		#endregion
	}

	/// <summary>
	///   MethodGroupExpr represents a group of method candidates which
	///   can be resolved to the best method overload
	/// </summary>
	public class MethodGroupExpr : MemberExpr, OverloadResolver.IBaseMembersProvider
	{
		static readonly MemberSpec[] Excluded = new MemberSpec[0];

		protected IList<MemberSpec> Methods;
		MethodSpec best_candidate;
		TypeSpec best_candidate_return;
		protected TypeArguments type_arguments;

 		SimpleName simple_name;
		protected TypeSpec queried_type;

		public MethodGroupExpr (IList<MemberSpec> mi, TypeSpec type, Location loc)
		{
			Methods = mi;
			this.loc = loc;
			this.type = InternalType.MethodGroup;

			eclass = ExprClass.MethodGroup;
			queried_type = type;
		}

		public MethodGroupExpr (MethodSpec m, TypeSpec type, Location loc)
			: this (new MemberSpec[] { m }, type, loc)
		{
		}

		#region Properties

		public MethodSpec BestCandidate {
			get {
				return best_candidate;
			}
		}

		public TypeSpec BestCandidateReturnType {
			get {
				return best_candidate_return;
			}
		}

		public IList<MemberSpec> Candidates {
			get {
				return Methods;
			}
		}

		protected override TypeSpec DeclaringType {
			get {
				return queried_type;
			}
		}

		public bool IsConditionallyExcluded {
			get {
				return Methods == Excluded;
			}
		}

		public override bool IsInstance {
			get {
				if (best_candidate != null)
					return !best_candidate.IsStatic;

				return false;
			}
		}

		public override bool IsSideEffectFree {
			get {
				return InstanceExpression == null || InstanceExpression.IsSideEffectFree;
			}
		}

		public override bool IsStatic {
			get {
				if (best_candidate != null)
					return best_candidate.IsStatic;

				return false;
			}
		}

		public override string KindName {
			get { return "method"; }
		}

		public override string Name {
			get {
				if (best_candidate != null)
					return best_candidate.Name;

				// TODO: throw ?
				return Methods.First ().Name;
			}
		}

		#endregion

		//
		// When best candidate is already know this factory can be used
		// to avoid expensive overload resolution to be called
		//
		// NOTE: InstanceExpression has to be set manually
		//
		public static MethodGroupExpr CreatePredefined (MethodSpec best, TypeSpec queriedType, Location loc)
		{
			return new MethodGroupExpr (best, queriedType, loc) {
				best_candidate = best,
				best_candidate_return = best.ReturnType
			};
		}

		public override string GetSignatureForError ()
		{
			if (best_candidate != null)
				return best_candidate.GetSignatureForError ();

			return Methods.First ().GetSignatureForError ();
		}

		static MethodSpec CandidateDevirtualization (TypeSpec type, MethodSpec method)
		{
			// Assumes no generics get involved
			var filter = new MemberFilter (method.Name, method.Arity, MemberKind.Method, method.Parameters, null);
			return MemberCache.FindMember (type, filter, BindingRestriction.InstanceOnly | BindingRestriction.OverrideOnly | BindingRestriction.DeclaredOnly) as MethodSpec;
		}

		public override Expression CreateExpressionTree (ResolveContext ec)
		{
			if (best_candidate == null) {
				ec.Report.Error (1953, loc, "An expression tree cannot contain an expression with method group");
				return null;
			}

			if (IsConditionallyExcluded)
				ec.Report.Error (765, loc,
					"Partial methods with only a defining declaration or removed conditional methods cannot be used in an expression tree");

			if (ConditionalAccess)
				Error_NullShortCircuitInsideExpressionTree (ec);

			return new TypeOfMethod (best_candidate, loc);
		}
		
		protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext ec)
		{
			this.eclass = ExprClass.MethodGroup;

			if (InstanceExpression != null) {
				InstanceExpression = InstanceExpression.Resolve (ec);
				if (InstanceExpression == null)
					return null;
			}

			return this;
		}

		public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
		{
			throw new NotSupportedException ();
		}

		public override void EmitPrepare (EmitContext ec)
		{
			InstanceExpression?.EmitPrepare (ec);
		}

		public void EmitCall (EmitContext ec, Arguments arguments, bool statement)
		{
			var call = new CallEmitter ();
			call.InstanceExpression = InstanceExpression;
			call.ConditionalAccess = ConditionalAccess;

			if (statement)
				call.EmitStatement (ec, best_candidate, arguments, loc);
			else
				call.Emit (ec, best_candidate, arguments, loc);
		}

		public void EmitCall (EmitContext ec, Arguments arguments, TypeSpec conditionalAccessReceiver, bool statement)
		{
			var ca = ec.ConditionalAccess;
			ec.ConditionalAccess = new ConditionalAccessContext (conditionalAccessReceiver, ec.DefineLabel ()) {
				Statement = statement
			};

			EmitCall (ec, arguments, statement);

			ec.CloseConditionalAccess (!statement && best_candidate_return != conditionalAccessReceiver && conditionalAccessReceiver.IsNullableType ? conditionalAccessReceiver : null);
			ec.ConditionalAccess = ca;
		}

		public override void Error_ValueCannotBeConverted (ResolveContext ec, TypeSpec target, bool expl)
		{
			if (target != InternalType.ErrorType) {
				ec.Report.Error (428, loc, "Cannot convert method group `{0}' to non-delegate type `{1}'. Consider using parentheses to invoke the method",
					Name, target.GetSignatureForError ());
			}
		}

		public bool HasAccessibleCandidate (ResolveContext rc)
		{
			foreach (var candidate in Candidates) {
				if (candidate.IsAccessible (rc))
					return true;
			}

			return false;
		}

		public static bool IsExtensionMethodArgument (Expression expr)
		{
			//
			// LAMESPEC: No details about which expressions are not allowed
			//
			return !(expr is TypeExpr) && !(expr is BaseThis);
		}

		/// <summary>
		///   Find the Applicable Function Members (7.4.2.1)
		///
		///   me: Method Group expression with the members to select.
		///       it might contain constructors or methods (or anything
		///       that maps to a method).
		///
		///   Arguments: ArrayList containing resolved Argument objects.
		///
		///   loc: The location if we want an error to be reported, or a Null
		///        location for "probing" purposes.
		///
		///   Returns: The MethodBase (either a ConstructorInfo or a MethodInfo)
		///            that is the best match of me on Arguments.
		///
		/// </summary>
		public virtual MethodGroupExpr OverloadResolve (ResolveContext ec, ref Arguments args, OverloadResolver.IErrorHandler cerrors, OverloadResolver.Restrictions restr)
		{
			// TODO: causes issues with probing mode, remove explicit Kind check
			if (best_candidate != null && best_candidate.Kind == MemberKind.Destructor)
				return this;

			var r = new OverloadResolver (Methods, type_arguments, restr, loc);
			if ((restr & OverloadResolver.Restrictions.NoBaseMembers) == 0) {
				r.BaseMembersProvider = this;
				r.InstanceQualifier = this;
			}

			if (cerrors != null)
				r.CustomErrors = cerrors;

			// TODO: When in probing mode do IsApplicable only and when called again do VerifyArguments for full error reporting
			best_candidate = r.ResolveMember<MethodSpec> (ec, ref args);
			if (best_candidate == null) {
				if (!r.BestCandidateIsDynamic)
					return null;

				if (simple_name != null && ec.IsStatic)
					InstanceExpression = ProbeIdenticalTypeName (ec, InstanceExpression, simple_name);

				return this;
			}

			// Overload resolver had to create a new method group, all checks bellow have already been executed
			if (r.BestCandidateNewMethodGroup != null)
				return r.BestCandidateNewMethodGroup;

			if (best_candidate.Kind == MemberKind.Method && (restr & OverloadResolver.Restrictions.ProbingOnly) == 0) {
				if (InstanceExpression != null) {
					if (best_candidate.IsExtensionMethod && args[0].Expr == InstanceExpression) {
						InstanceExpression = null;
					} else {
						if (simple_name != null && best_candidate.IsStatic) {
							InstanceExpression = ProbeIdenticalTypeName (ec, InstanceExpression, simple_name);
						}

						InstanceExpression.Resolve (ec, ResolveFlags.VariableOrValue | ResolveFlags.MethodGroup | ResolveFlags.Type);

						var expr_type = InstanceExpression.Type;
						if ((expr_type.IsByRefLike || expr_type.IsSpecialRuntimeType) && best_candidate.DeclaringType != expr_type) {
							MethodSpec devirt = null;
							if ((best_candidate.Modifiers & (Modifiers.VIRTUAL | Modifiers.ABSTRACT | Modifiers.OVERRIDE)) != 0) {
								devirt = CandidateDevirtualization (expr_type, best_candidate);
							}

							if (devirt == null) {
								// CSC: Should be better error message
								ec.Report.Error (29, InstanceExpression.Location, "Cannot implicitly convert type `{0}' to `{1}'",
												 InstanceExpression.Type.GetSignatureForError (), best_candidate.DeclaringType.GetSignatureForError ());
							} else {
								best_candidate = devirt;
							}
						}
					}
				}

				ResolveInstanceExpression (ec, null);
			}

			var base_override = CandidateToBaseOverride (ec, best_candidate);
			if (base_override == best_candidate) {
				best_candidate_return = r.BestCandidateReturnType;
			} else {
				best_candidate = base_override;
				best_candidate_return = best_candidate.ReturnType;
			}

			if (best_candidate.IsGeneric && (restr & OverloadResolver.Restrictions.ProbingOnly) == 0 && TypeParameterSpec.HasAnyTypeParameterConstrained (best_candidate.GenericDefinition)) {
				ConstraintChecker cc = new ConstraintChecker (ec);
				cc.CheckAll (best_candidate.GetGenericMethodDefinition (), best_candidate.TypeArguments, best_candidate.Constraints, loc);
			}

			//
			// Additional check for possible imported base override method which
			// could not be done during IsOverrideMethodBaseTypeAccessible
			//
			if (best_candidate.IsVirtual && (best_candidate.DeclaringType.Modifiers & Modifiers.PROTECTED) != 0 &&
				best_candidate.MemberDefinition.IsImported && !best_candidate.DeclaringType.IsAccessible (ec)) {
				ec.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (best_candidate);
				ErrorIsInaccesible (ec, best_candidate.GetSignatureForError (), loc);
			}

			// Speed up the check by not doing it on disallowed targets
			if (best_candidate_return.Kind == MemberKind.Void && best_candidate.IsConditionallyExcluded (ec))
				Methods = Excluded;

			return this;
		}

		public override MemberExpr ResolveMemberAccess (ResolveContext ec, Expression left, SimpleName original)
		{
			var fe = left as FieldExpr;
			if (fe != null) {
				//
				// Using method-group on struct fields makes the struct assigned. I am not sure
				// why but that's what .net does
				//
				fe.Spec.MemberDefinition.SetIsAssigned ();
			}

			simple_name = original;
			return base.ResolveMemberAccess (ec, left, original);
		}

		public override void ResolveNameOf (ResolveContext rc, ATypeNameExpression expr)
		{
			if (!HasAccessibleCandidate (rc)) {
				ErrorIsInaccesible (rc, expr.GetSignatureForError (), loc);
			}

			if (expr.HasTypeArguments) {
				rc.Report.Error (8084, expr.Location, "An argument to nameof operator cannot be method group with type arguments");
			}
		}

		public override void SetTypeArguments (ResolveContext ec, TypeArguments ta)
		{
			type_arguments = ta;
		}

		#region IBaseMembersProvider Members

		public virtual IList<MemberSpec> GetBaseMembers (TypeSpec type)
		{
			var baseType = type.BaseType;
			
			IList<MemberSpec> members = baseType == null ? null : MemberCache.FindMembers (baseType, Methods [0].Name, false);

			if (members == null && !type.IsInterface) {
				var tps = queried_type as TypeParameterSpec;
				if (tps != null)
					members = MemberCache.FindInterfaceMembers (tps, Methods [0].Name);
			}

			return members;
		}

		public IParametersMember GetOverrideMemberParameters (MemberSpec member)
		{
			if (queried_type == member.DeclaringType)
				return null;

			return MemberCache.FindMember (queried_type, new MemberFilter ((MethodSpec) member),
				BindingRestriction.InstanceOnly | BindingRestriction.OverrideOnly) as IParametersMember;
		}

		//
		// Extension methods lookup after ordinary methods candidates failed to apply
		//
		public virtual MethodGroupExpr LookupExtensionMethod (ResolveContext rc)
		{
			if (InstanceExpression == null || InstanceExpression.eclass == ExprClass.Type)
				return null;

			if (!IsExtensionMethodArgument (InstanceExpression))
				return null;

			int arity = type_arguments == null ? 0 : type_arguments.Count;
			var methods = rc.LookupExtensionMethod (Methods[0].Name, arity);
			if (methods == null)
				return null;

			var emg = new ExtensionMethodGroupExpr (methods, InstanceExpression, loc);
			emg.SetTypeArguments (rc, type_arguments);
			emg.ConditionalAccess = ConditionalAccess;
			return emg;
		}

		#endregion
	}

	struct ConstructorInstanceQualifier : OverloadResolver.IInstanceQualifier
	{
		public ConstructorInstanceQualifier (TypeSpec type)
			: this ()
		{
			InstanceType = type;
		}

		public TypeSpec InstanceType { get; private set; }

		public bool CheckProtectedMemberAccess (ResolveContext rc, MemberSpec member)
		{
			return MemberExpr.CheckProtectedMemberAccess (rc, member, InstanceType);
		}
	}

	public struct OverloadResolver
	{
		[Flags]
		public enum Restrictions
		{
			None = 0,
			DelegateInvoke = 1,
			ProbingOnly	= 1 << 1,
			CovariantDelegate = 1 << 2,
			NoBaseMembers = 1 << 3,
			BaseMembersIncluded = 1 << 4,
			GetEnumeratorLookup = 1 << 5
		}

		public interface IBaseMembersProvider
		{
			IList<MemberSpec> GetBaseMembers (TypeSpec baseType);
			IParametersMember GetOverrideMemberParameters (MemberSpec member);
			MethodGroupExpr LookupExtensionMethod (ResolveContext rc);
		}

		public interface IErrorHandler
		{
			bool AmbiguousCandidates (ResolveContext rc, MemberSpec best, MemberSpec ambiguous);
			bool ArgumentMismatch (ResolveContext rc, MemberSpec best, Argument a, int index);
			bool NoArgumentMatch (ResolveContext rc, MemberSpec best);
			bool TypeInferenceFailed (ResolveContext rc, MemberSpec best);
		}

		public interface IInstanceQualifier
		{
			TypeSpec InstanceType { get; }
			bool CheckProtectedMemberAccess (ResolveContext rc, MemberSpec member);
		}

		sealed class NoBaseMembers : IBaseMembersProvider
		{
			public static readonly IBaseMembersProvider Instance = new NoBaseMembers ();

			public IList<MemberSpec> GetBaseMembers (TypeSpec baseType)
			{
				return null;
			}

			public IParametersMember GetOverrideMemberParameters (MemberSpec member)
			{
				return null;
			}

			public MethodGroupExpr LookupExtensionMethod (ResolveContext rc)
			{
				return null;
			}
		}

		struct AmbiguousCandidate
		{
			public readonly MemberSpec Member;
			public readonly bool Expanded;
			public readonly AParametersCollection Parameters;

			public AmbiguousCandidate (MemberSpec member, AParametersCollection parameters, bool expanded)
			{
				Member = member;
				Parameters = parameters;
				Expanded = expanded;
			}
		}

		Location loc;
		IList<MemberSpec> members;
		TypeArguments type_arguments;
		IBaseMembersProvider base_provider;
		IErrorHandler custom_errors;
		IInstanceQualifier instance_qualifier;
		Restrictions restrictions;
		MethodGroupExpr best_candidate_extension_group;
		TypeSpec best_candidate_return_type;

		SessionReportPrinter lambda_conv_msgs;

		public OverloadResolver (IList<MemberSpec> members, Restrictions restrictions, Location loc)
			: this (members, null, restrictions, loc)
		{
		}

		public OverloadResolver (IList<MemberSpec> members, TypeArguments targs, Restrictions restrictions, Location loc)
			: this ()
		{
			if (members == null || members.Count == 0)
				throw new ArgumentException ("empty members set");

			this.members = members;
			this.loc = loc;
			type_arguments = targs;
			this.restrictions = restrictions;
			if (IsDelegateInvoke)
				this.restrictions |= Restrictions.NoBaseMembers;

			base_provider = NoBaseMembers.Instance;
		}

		#region Properties

		public IBaseMembersProvider BaseMembersProvider {
			get {
				return base_provider;
			}
			set {
				base_provider = value;
			}
		}

		public bool BestCandidateIsDynamic { get; set; }

		//
		// Best candidate was found in newly created MethodGroupExpr, used by extension methods
		//
		public MethodGroupExpr BestCandidateNewMethodGroup {
			get {
				return best_candidate_extension_group;
			}
		}

		//
		// Return type can be different between best candidate and closest override
		//
		public TypeSpec BestCandidateReturnType {
			get {
				return best_candidate_return_type;
			}
		}

		public IErrorHandler CustomErrors {
			get {
				return custom_errors;
			}
			set {
				custom_errors = value;
			}
		}

		TypeSpec DelegateType {
			get {
				if ((restrictions & Restrictions.DelegateInvoke) == 0)
					throw new InternalErrorException ("Not running in delegate mode", loc);

				return members [0].DeclaringType;
			}
		}

		public IInstanceQualifier InstanceQualifier {
			get {
				return instance_qualifier;
			}
			set {
				instance_qualifier = value;
			}
		}

		bool IsProbingOnly {
			get {
				return (restrictions & Restrictions.ProbingOnly) != 0;
			}
		}

		bool IsDelegateInvoke {
			get {
				return (restrictions & Restrictions.DelegateInvoke) != 0;
			}
		}

		#endregion

		//
		//  7.4.3.3  Better conversion from expression
		//  Returns :   1    if a->p is better,
		//              2    if a->q is better,
		//              0 if neither is better
		//
		static int BetterExpressionConversion (ResolveContext ec, Argument a, TypeSpec p, TypeSpec q)
		{
			TypeSpec argument_type = a.Type;

			//
			// Exactly matching Expression phase
			//

			//
			// If argument is an anonymous function
			//
			if (argument_type == InternalType.AnonymousMethod && ec.Module.Compiler.Settings.Version > LanguageVersion.ISO_2) {
				//
				// p and q are delegate types or expression tree types
				//
				if (p.IsExpressionTreeType || q.IsExpressionTreeType) {
					if (q.MemberDefinition != p.MemberDefinition) {
						return 0;
					}

					//
					// Uwrap delegate from Expression<T>
					//
					q = TypeManager.GetTypeArguments (q) [0];
					p = TypeManager.GetTypeArguments (p) [0];
				}

				var p_m = Delegate.GetInvokeMethod (p);
				var q_m = Delegate.GetInvokeMethod (q);

				//
				// With identical parameter lists
				//
				if (!TypeSpecComparer.Equals (p_m.Parameters.Types, q_m.Parameters.Types))
					return 0;

				p = p_m.ReturnType;
				var orig_q = q;
				q = q_m.ReturnType;

				//
				// if p is void returning, and q has a return type Y, then C2 is the better conversion.
				//
				if (p.Kind == MemberKind.Void) {
					return q.Kind != MemberKind.Void ? 2 : 0;
				}

				//
				// if p has a return type Y, and q is void returning, then C1 is the better conversion.
				//
				if (q.Kind == MemberKind.Void) {
					return p.Kind != MemberKind.Void ? 1 : 0;
				}

				var am = (AnonymousMethodExpression)a.Expr;

				//
				// When anonymous method is an asynchronous, and P has a return type Task<Y1>, and Q has a return type Task<Y2>
				// better conversion is performed between underlying types Y1 and Y2
				//
				if (p.IsGenericTask || q.IsGenericTask) {
					if (am.Block.IsAsync && p.IsGenericTask && q.IsGenericTask) {
						q = q.TypeArguments [0];
						p = p.TypeArguments [0];
					}
				}

				if (q != p) {
					//
					// An inferred return type X exists for E in the context of the parameter list, and
					// an identity conversion exists from X to the return type of D
					//
					var inferred_type = am.InferReturnType (ec, null, orig_q);
					if (inferred_type != null) {
						if (inferred_type.BuiltinType == BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Dynamic)
							inferred_type = ec.BuiltinTypes.Object;

						if (inferred_type == p)
							return 1;

						if (inferred_type == q)
							return 2;
					}
				}
			}

			if (argument_type == p)
				return 1;

			if (argument_type == q)
				return 2;

			return IsBetterConversionTarget (ec, p, q);
		}

		static int IsBetterConversionTarget (ResolveContext rc, TypeSpec p, TypeSpec q)
		{
			if ((p.Kind == MemberKind.Delegate || p.IsExpressionTreeType) && (q.Kind == MemberKind.Delegate || q.IsExpressionTreeType)) {

				if (p.Kind != MemberKind.Delegate) {
					p = TypeManager.GetTypeArguments (p) [0];
				}

				if (q.Kind != MemberKind.Delegate) {
					q = TypeManager.GetTypeArguments (q) [0];
				}

				var p_m = Delegate.GetInvokeMethod (p);
				var q_m = Delegate.GetInvokeMethod (q);

				p = p_m.ReturnType;
				q = q_m.ReturnType;

				//
				// if p is void returning, and q has a return type Y, then C2 is the better conversion.
				//
				if (p.Kind == MemberKind.Void) {
					return q.Kind != MemberKind.Void ? 2 : 0;
				}

				//
				// if p has a return type Y, and q is void returning, then C1 is the better conversion.
				//
				if (q.Kind == MemberKind.Void) {
					return p.Kind != MemberKind.Void ? 1 : 0;
				}

				return IsBetterConversionTarget (rc, p, q);
			}

			if (p.IsGenericTask && q.IsGenericTask) {
				q = q.TypeArguments [0];
				p = p.TypeArguments [0];
				return IsBetterConversionTarget (rc, p, q);
			}

			var p_orig = p;
			if (p.IsNullableType) {
				p = Nullable.NullableInfo.GetUnderlyingType (p);
				if (!BuiltinTypeSpec.IsPrimitiveTypeOrDecimal (p))
					return BetterTypeConversionImplicitConversion (rc, p_orig, q);

				//
				// Spec expects implicit conversion check between p and q, q and p
				// to be done before nullable unwrapping but that's expensive operation.
				// 
				// Extra manual tweak is needed because BetterTypeConversion works on
				// unwrapped types
				//
				if (p == q)
					return 2;
			}

			var q_orig = q;
			if (q.IsNullableType) {
				q = Nullable.NullableInfo.GetUnderlyingType (q);
				if (!BuiltinTypeSpec.IsPrimitiveTypeOrDecimal (q))
					return BetterTypeConversionImplicitConversion (rc, p_orig, q_orig);

				if (q == p)
					return 1;
			}

			return BetterTypeConversion (rc, p, q);
		}

		//
		// 7.4.3.4  Better conversion from type
		//
		public static int BetterTypeConversion (ResolveContext ec, TypeSpec p, TypeSpec q)
		{
			if (p == null || q == null)
				throw new InternalErrorException ("BetterTypeConversion got a null conversion");

			switch (p.BuiltinType) {
			case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Int:
				if (q.BuiltinType == BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.UInt || q.BuiltinType == BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.ULong)
					return 1;
				break;
			case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Long:
				if (q.BuiltinType == BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.ULong)
					return 1;
				break;
			case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.SByte:
				switch (q.BuiltinType) {
				case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Byte:
				case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.UShort:
				case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.UInt:
				case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.ULong:
					return 1;
				}
				break;
			case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Short:
				switch (q.BuiltinType) {
				case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.UShort:
				case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.UInt:
				case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.ULong:
					return 1;
				}
				break;
			case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Dynamic:
				// LAMESPEC: Dynamic conversions is not considered
				p = ec.Module.Compiler.BuiltinTypes.Object;
				break;
			}

			switch (q.BuiltinType) {
			case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Int:
				if (p.BuiltinType == BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.UInt || p.BuiltinType == BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.ULong)
					return 2;
				break;
			case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Long:
				if (p.BuiltinType == BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.ULong)
					return 2;
				break;
			case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.SByte:
				switch (p.BuiltinType) {
				case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Byte:
				case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.UShort:
				case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.UInt:
				case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.ULong:
					return 2;
				}
				break;
			case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Short:
				switch (p.BuiltinType) {
				case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.UShort:
				case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.UInt:
				case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.ULong:
					return 2;
				}
				break;
			case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Dynamic:
				// LAMESPEC: Dynamic conversions is not considered
				q = ec.Module.Compiler.BuiltinTypes.Object;
				break;
			}

			return BetterTypeConversionImplicitConversion (ec, p, q);
		}

		static int BetterTypeConversionImplicitConversion (ResolveContext rc, TypeSpec p, TypeSpec q)
		{
			// TODO: this is expensive
			Expression p_tmp = new EmptyExpression (p);
			Expression q_tmp = new EmptyExpression (q);

			bool p_to_q = Convert.ImplicitConversionExists (rc, p_tmp, q);
			bool q_to_p = Convert.ImplicitConversionExists (rc, q_tmp, p);

			if (p_to_q && !q_to_p)
				return 1;

			if (q_to_p && !p_to_q)
				return 2;

			return 0;
		}

		/// <summary>
		///   Determines "Better function" between candidate
		///   and the current best match
		/// </summary>
		/// <remarks>
		///    Returns a boolean indicating :
		///     false if candidate ain't better
		///     true  if candidate is better than the current best match
		/// </remarks>
		bool BetterFunction (ResolveContext ec, Arguments args, MemberSpec candidate, AParametersCollection cparam, bool candidate_params,
			MemberSpec best, AParametersCollection bparam, bool best_params)
		{
			AParametersCollection candidate_pd = ((IParametersMember) candidate).Parameters;
			AParametersCollection best_pd = ((IParametersMember) best).Parameters;

			int candidate_better_count = 0;
			int best_better_count = 0;

			bool are_equivalent = true;
			int args_count = args == null ? 0 : args.Count;
			int j = 0;
			Argument a = null;
			TypeSpec ct, bt;
			for (int c_idx = 0, b_idx = 0; j < args_count; ++j, ++c_idx, ++b_idx) {
				a = args[j];

				// Default arguments are ignored for better decision
				if (a.IsDefaultArgument)
					break;

				//
				// When comparing named argument the parameter type index has to be looked up
				// in original parameter set (override version for virtual members)
				//
				NamedArgument na = a as NamedArgument;
				if (na != null) {
					int idx = cparam.GetParameterIndexByName (na.Name);
					ct = candidate_pd.Types[idx];
					if (candidate_params && candidate_pd.FixedParameters[idx].ModFlags == Parameter.Modifier.PARAMS)
						ct = TypeManager.GetElementType (ct);

					idx = bparam.GetParameterIndexByName (na.Name);
					bt = best_pd.Types[idx];
					if (best_params && best_pd.FixedParameters[idx].ModFlags == Parameter.Modifier.PARAMS)
						bt = TypeManager.GetElementType (bt);
				} else {
					ct = candidate_pd.Types[c_idx];
					bt = best_pd.Types[b_idx];

					if (candidate_params && candidate_pd.FixedParameters[c_idx].ModFlags == Parameter.Modifier.PARAMS) {
						ct = TypeManager.GetElementType (ct);
						--c_idx;
					}

					if (best_params && best_pd.FixedParameters[b_idx].ModFlags == Parameter.Modifier.PARAMS) {
						bt = TypeManager.GetElementType (bt);
						--b_idx;
					}
				}

				if (TypeSpecComparer.IsEqual (ct, bt))
					continue;

				are_equivalent = false;
				int result = BetterExpressionConversion (ec, a, ct, bt);

				// for each argument, the conversion to 'ct' should be no worse than 
				// the conversion to 'bt'.
				if (result == 2) {
					//
					// No optional parameters tie breaking rules for delegates overload resolution
					//
					if ((restrictions & Restrictions.CovariantDelegate) != 0)
						return false;

					++best_better_count;
					continue;
				}

				// for at least one argument, the conversion to 'ct' should be better than 
				// the conversion to 'bt'.
				if (result != 0)
					++candidate_better_count;
			}

			if (candidate_better_count != 0 && best_better_count == 0)
				return true;

			if (best_better_count > 0 && candidate_better_count == 0)
				return false;

			//
			// LAMESPEC: Tie-breaking rules for not equivalent parameter types
			//
			if (!are_equivalent) {
				while (j < args_count && !args [j++].IsDefaultArgument) ;

				//
				// A candidate with no default parameters is still better when there
				// is no better expression conversion and does not have more parameters
				//
				if (candidate_pd.Count < best_pd.Count) {
					if (candidate_params)
						return false;
					
					if (!candidate_pd.FixedParameters [j - 1].HasDefaultValue)
						return true;

					if (best_pd.FixedParameters [j].HasDefaultValue)
						return true;
					
				} else if (candidate_pd.Count == best_pd.Count) {
					if (candidate_params)
						return false;

					if (!candidate_pd.FixedParameters [j - 1].HasDefaultValue && best_pd.FixedParameters [j - 1].HasDefaultValue)
						return true;

					if (candidate_pd.FixedParameters [j - 1].HasDefaultValue && best_pd.HasParams)
						return true;
				}

				return false;
			}

			//
			// If candidate is applicable in its normal form and best has a params array and is applicable
			// only in its expanded form, then candidate is better
			//
			if (candidate_params != best_params)
				return !candidate_params;

			//
			// We have not reached end of parameters list due to params or used default parameters
			//
			bool defaults_ambiguity = false;
			while (j < candidate_pd.Count && j < best_pd.Count) {
				var cand_param = candidate_pd.FixedParameters [j];
				var best_param = best_pd.FixedParameters [j];

				if (cand_param.HasDefaultValue != best_param.HasDefaultValue && (!candidate_pd.HasParams || !best_pd.HasParams))
					return cand_param.HasDefaultValue;

				defaults_ambiguity = true;
				if (candidate_pd.Count == best_pd.Count) {
					//
					// LAMESPEC:
					//
					// void Foo (int i = 0) is better than void Foo (params int[]) for Foo ()
					// void Foo (string[] s, string value = null) is better than Foo (string s, params string[]) for Foo (null) or Foo ()
					//
					if (cand_param.HasDefaultValue) {
						++j;
						continue;
					}

					break;
				}

				//
				// Neither is better when not all arguments are provided
				//
				// void Foo (string s, int i = 0) <-> Foo (string s, int i = 0, int i2 = 0)
				// void Foo (string s, int i = 0) <-> Foo (string s, byte i = 0)
				// void Foo (string s, params int[]) <-> Foo (string s, params byte[])
				//
				++j;
			}

			if (candidate_pd.Count != best_pd.Count) {
				if (defaults_ambiguity && best_pd.Count - 1 == j)
					return best_pd.HasParams;

				return candidate_pd.Count < best_pd.Count;
			}

			//
			// One is a non-generic method and second is a generic method, then non-generic is better
			//
			if (best.IsGeneric != candidate.IsGeneric)
				return best.IsGeneric;

			//
			// Both methods have the same number of parameters, and the parameters have equal types
			// Pick the "more specific" signature using rules over original (non-inflated) types
			//
			var candidate_def_pd = ((IParametersMember) candidate.MemberDefinition).Parameters;
			var best_def_pd = ((IParametersMember) best.MemberDefinition).Parameters;

			bool specific_at_least_once = false;
			for (j = 0; j < args_count; ++j) {
				NamedArgument na = args_count == 0 ? null : args [j] as NamedArgument;
				if (na != null) {
					ct = candidate_def_pd.Types[cparam.GetParameterIndexByName (na.Name)];
					bt = best_def_pd.Types[bparam.GetParameterIndexByName (na.Name)];
				} else {
					ct = candidate_def_pd.Types[j];
					bt = best_def_pd.Types[j];
				}

				if (ct == bt)
					continue;
				TypeSpec specific = MoreSpecific (ct, bt);
				if (specific == bt)
					return false;
				if (specific == ct)
					specific_at_least_once = true;
			}

			if (specific_at_least_once)
				return true;

			return false;
		}

		static bool CheckInflatedArguments (MethodSpec ms)
		{
			if (!TypeParameterSpec.HasAnyTypeParameterTypeConstrained (ms.GenericDefinition))
				return true;

			// Setup constraint checker for probing only
			ConstraintChecker cc = new ConstraintChecker (null);

			var mp = ms.Parameters.Types;
			for (int i = 0; i < mp.Length; ++i) {
				var type = mp[i] as InflatedTypeSpec;
				if (type == null)
					continue;

				var targs = type.TypeArguments;
				if (targs.Length == 0)
					continue;

				// TODO: Checking inflated MVAR arguments should be enough
				if (!cc.CheckAll (type.GetDefinition (), targs, type.Constraints, Location.Null))
					return false;
			}

			return true;
		}

		public static void Error_ConstructorMismatch (ResolveContext rc, TypeSpec type, int argCount, Location loc)
		{
			rc.Report.Error (1729, loc,
				"The type `{0}' does not contain a constructor that takes `{1}' arguments",
				type.GetSignatureForError (), argCount.ToString ());
		}

		//
		// Determines if the candidate method is applicable to the given set of arguments
		// There could be two different set of parameters for same candidate where one
		// is the closest override for default values and named arguments checks and second
		// one being the virtual base for the parameter types and modifiers.
		//
		// A return value rates candidate method compatibility,
		// -1 = fatal error
		// 0 = the best, int.MaxValue = the worst
		//
		int IsApplicable (ResolveContext ec, ref Arguments arguments, int arg_count, ref MemberSpec candidate, IParametersMember pm, ref bool params_expanded_form, ref bool dynamicArgument, ref TypeSpec returnType, bool errorMode)
		{
			//
			// Each step has allocated 10 values, it can overflow for
			// more than 10 arguments but that's ok as it's used for
			// better error reporting only
			//
			const int ArgumentCountMismatch		= 1000000000;
			const int NamedArgumentsMismatch	= 100000000;
			const int DefaultArgumentMismatch	= 10000000;
			const int UnexpectedTypeArguments	= 1000000;
			const int TypeArgumentsMismatch		= 100000;
			const int InflatedTypesMismatch		= 10000;

			// Parameters of most-derived type used mainly for named and optional parameters
			var pd = pm.Parameters;

			// Used for params modifier only, that's legacy of C# 1.0 which uses base type for
			// params modifier instead of most-derived type
			var cpd = ((IParametersMember) candidate).Parameters;
			int param_count = pd.Count;
			int optional_count = 0;
			int score;
			Arguments orig_args = arguments;

			if (arg_count != param_count) {
				//
				// No arguments expansion when doing exact match for delegates
				//
				if ((restrictions & Restrictions.CovariantDelegate) == 0) {
					for (int i = 0; i < pd.Count; ++i) {
						if (pd.FixedParameters[i].HasDefaultValue) {
							optional_count = pd.Count - i;
							break;
						}
					}
				}

				if (optional_count != 0) {
					// Readjust expected number when params used
					if (cpd.HasParams) {
						optional_count--;
						if (arg_count < param_count)
							param_count--;
					} else if (arg_count > param_count) {
						int args_gap = System.Math.Abs (arg_count - param_count);
						return ArgumentCountMismatch + args_gap;
					} else if (arg_count < param_count - optional_count) {
						int args_gap = System.Math.Abs (param_count - optional_count - arg_count);
						return ArgumentCountMismatch + args_gap;
					}
				} else if (arg_count != param_count) {
					int args_gap = System.Math.Abs (arg_count - param_count);
					if (!cpd.HasParams)
						return ArgumentCountMismatch + args_gap;
					if (arg_count < param_count - 1)
						return ArgumentCountMismatch + args_gap;
				}

				// Resize to fit optional arguments
				if (optional_count != 0) {
					if (arguments == null) {
						arguments = new Arguments (optional_count);
					} else {
						// Have to create a new container, so the next run can do same
						var resized = new Arguments (param_count);
						resized.AddRange (arguments);
						arguments = resized;
					}

					for (int i = arg_count; i < param_count; ++i)
						arguments.Add (null);
				}
			}

			if (arg_count > 0) {
				//
				// Shuffle named arguments to the right positions if there are any
				//
				if (arguments[arg_count - 1] is NamedArgument) {
					arg_count = arguments.Count;

					for (int i = 0; i < arg_count; ++i) {
						bool arg_moved = false;
						while (true) {
							NamedArgument na = arguments[i] as NamedArgument;
							if (na == null)
								break;

							int index = pd.GetParameterIndexByName (na.Name);

							// Named parameter not found
							if (index < 0)
								return NamedArgumentsMismatch - i;

							// already reordered
							if (index == i)
								break;

							Argument temp;
							if (index >= param_count) {
								// When using parameters which should not be available to the user
								if ((cpd.FixedParameters[index].ModFlags & Parameter.Modifier.PARAMS) == 0)
									break;

								arguments.Add (null);
								++arg_count;
								temp = null;
							} else {
								if (index == arg_count)
									return NamedArgumentsMismatch - i - 1;

								temp = arguments [index];

								// The slot has been taken by positional argument
								if (temp != null && !(temp is NamedArgument))
									return NamedArgumentsMismatch - i - 1;
							}

							if (!arg_moved) {
								arguments = arguments.MarkOrderedArgument (na);
								arg_moved = true;
							}

							if (arguments == orig_args) {
								arguments = new Arguments (orig_args.Count);
								arguments.AddRange (orig_args);
							}

							arguments[index] = arguments[i];
							arguments[i] = temp;

							if (temp == null)
								break;
						}
					}
				} else {
					arg_count = arguments.Count;
				}
			} else if (arguments != null) {
				arg_count = arguments.Count;
			}

			//
			// Don't do any expensive checks when the candidate cannot succeed
			//
			if (arg_count != param_count && !cpd.HasParams)
				return DefaultArgumentMismatch - System.Math.Abs (param_count - arg_count);

			var dep = candidate.GetMissingDependencies ();
			if (dep != null) {
				ImportedTypeDefinition.Error_MissingDependency (ec, dep, loc);
				return -1;
			}

			//
			// 1. Handle generic method using type arguments when specified or type inference
			//
			TypeSpec[] ptypes;
			var ms = candidate as MethodSpec;
			if (ms != null && ms.IsGeneric) {
				if (type_arguments != null) {
					var g_args_count = ms.Arity;
					if (g_args_count != type_arguments.Count)
						return TypeArgumentsMismatch - System.Math.Abs (type_arguments.Count - g_args_count);

					if (type_arguments.Arguments != null)
						ms = ms.MakeGenericMethod (ec, type_arguments.Arguments);
				} else {
					//
					// Deploy custom error reporting for infered anonymous expression or lambda methods. When
					// probing lambda methods keep all errors reported in separate set and once we are done and no best
					// candidate was found use the set to report more details about what was wrong with lambda body.
					// The general idea is to distinguish between code errors and errors caused by
					// trial-and-error type inference
					//
					if (lambda_conv_msgs == null) {
						for (int i = 0; i < arg_count; i++) {
							Argument a = arguments[i];
							if (a == null)
								continue;

							var am = a.Expr as AnonymousMethodExpression;
							if (am != null) {
								if (lambda_conv_msgs == null)
									lambda_conv_msgs = new SessionReportPrinter ();

								am.TypeInferenceReportPrinter = lambda_conv_msgs;
							}
						}
					}

					var ti = new TypeInference (arguments);
					TypeSpec[] i_args = ti.InferMethodArguments (ec, ms);

					if (i_args == null)
						return TypeArgumentsMismatch - ti.InferenceScore;

					//
					// Clear any error messages when the result was success
					//
					if (lambda_conv_msgs != null)
						lambda_conv_msgs.ClearSession ();

					if (i_args.Length != 0) {
						if (!errorMode) {
							for (int i = 0; i < i_args.Length; ++i) {
								var ta = i_args [i];
								if (!ta.IsAccessible (ec))
									return TypeArgumentsMismatch - i;
							}
						}

						ms = ms.MakeGenericMethod (ec, i_args);
					}
				}

				//
				// Type arguments constraints have to match for the method to be applicable
				//
				if (!CheckInflatedArguments (ms)) {
					candidate = ms;
					return InflatedTypesMismatch;
				}

				//
				// We have a generic return type and at same time the method is override which
				// means we have to also inflate override return type in case the candidate is
				// best candidate and override return type is different to base return type.
				// 
				// virtual Foo<T, object> with override Foo<T, dynamic>
				//
				if (candidate != pm) {
					MethodSpec override_ms = (MethodSpec) pm;
					var inflator = new TypeParameterInflator (ec, ms.DeclaringType, override_ms.GenericDefinition.TypeParameters, ms.TypeArguments);
					returnType = inflator.Inflate (returnType);
				} else {
					returnType = ms.ReturnType;
				}

				candidate = ms;
				pd = ms.Parameters;
				ptypes = pd.Types;
			} else {
				if (type_arguments != null)
					return UnexpectedTypeArguments;

				ptypes = cpd.Types;
			}

			//
			// 2. Each argument has to be implicitly convertible to method parameter
			//
			Parameter.Modifier p_mod = 0;
			TypeSpec pt = null;

			for (int i = 0; i < arg_count; i++) {
				Argument a = arguments[i];
				if (a == null) {
					var fp = pd.FixedParameters[i];
					if (!fp.HasDefaultValue) {
						arguments = orig_args;
						return arg_count * 2 + 2;
					}

					//
					// Get the default value expression, we can use the same expression
					// if the type matches
					//
					Expression e = fp.DefaultValue;
					if (e != null) {
						e = ResolveDefaultValueArgument (ec, ptypes[i], e, loc);
						if (e == null) {
							// Restore for possible error reporting
							for (int ii = i; ii < arg_count; ++ii)
								arguments.RemoveAt (i);

							return (arg_count - i) * 2 + 1;
						}
					}

					if ((fp.ModFlags & Parameter.Modifier.CallerMask) != 0) {
						//
						// LAMESPEC: Attributes can be mixed together with build-in priority
						//
						if ((fp.ModFlags & Parameter.Modifier.CallerLineNumber) != 0) {
							e = new IntLiteral (ec.BuiltinTypes, loc.Row, loc);
						} else if ((fp.ModFlags & Parameter.Modifier.CallerFilePath) != 0) {
							e = new StringLiteral (ec.BuiltinTypes, loc.SourceFile.GetFullPathName (ec.Module.Compiler.Settings.PathMap), loc);
						} else if (ec.MemberContext.CurrentMemberDefinition != null) {
							e = new StringLiteral (ec.BuiltinTypes, ec.MemberContext.CurrentMemberDefinition.GetCallerMemberName (), loc);
						}
					}

					arguments[i] = new Argument (e, Argument.AType.Default);
					continue;
				}

				if (p_mod != Parameter.Modifier.PARAMS) {
					p_mod = (pd.FixedParameters[i].ModFlags & ~Parameter.Modifier.PARAMS) | (cpd.FixedParameters[i].ModFlags & Parameter.Modifier.PARAMS);
					pt = ptypes [i];
				} else if (!params_expanded_form) {
					params_expanded_form = true;
					pt = ((ElementTypeSpec) pt).Element;
					i -= 2;
					continue;
				}

				score = 1;
				if (!params_expanded_form) {
					if (a.IsExtensionType) {
						if (ExtensionMethodGroupExpr.IsExtensionTypeCompatible (a.Type, pt)) {
							score = 0;
							continue;
						}
					} else {
						score = IsArgumentCompatible (ec, a, p_mod, pt);

						if (score < 0)
							dynamicArgument = true;
					}
				}

				//
				// It can be applicable in expanded form (when not doing exact match like for delegates)
				//
				if (score != 0 && (p_mod & Parameter.Modifier.PARAMS) != 0 && (restrictions & Restrictions.CovariantDelegate) == 0) {
					if (!params_expanded_form) {
						pt = ((ElementTypeSpec) pt).Element;
					}

					if (score > 0)
						score = IsArgumentCompatible (ec, a, Parameter.Modifier.NONE, pt);

					if (score < 0) {
						params_expanded_form = true;
						dynamicArgument = true;
					} else if (score == 0 || arg_count > pd.Count) {
						params_expanded_form = true;
					}
				}

				if (score > 0) {
					if (params_expanded_form)
						++score;
					return (arg_count - i) * 2 + score;
				}
			}

			//
			// Restore original arguments for dynamic binder to keep the intention of original source code
			//
			if (dynamicArgument)
				arguments = orig_args;

			return 0;
		}

		public static Expression ResolveDefaultValueArgument (ResolveContext ec, TypeSpec ptype, Expression e, Location loc)
		{
			if (e is Constant && e.Type == ptype)
				return e;

			//
			// LAMESPEC: No idea what the exact rules are for System.Reflection.Missing.Value instead of null
			//
			if (e == EmptyExpression.MissingValue && (ptype.BuiltinType == BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Object || ptype.BuiltinType == BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Dynamic)) {
				e = new MemberAccess (new MemberAccess (new MemberAccess (
					new QualifiedAliasMember (QualifiedAliasMember.GlobalAlias, "System", loc), "Reflection", loc), "Missing", loc), "Value", loc);
			} else if (e is Constant) {
				//
				// Handles int to int? conversions, DefaultParameterValue check
				//
				e = Convert.ImplicitConversionStandard (ec, e, ptype, loc);
				if (e == null)
					return null;
			} else {
				e = new DefaultValueExpression (new TypeExpression (ptype, loc), loc);
			}

			return e.Resolve (ec);
		}

		//
		// Tests argument compatibility with the parameter
		// The possible return values are
		// 0 - success
		// 1 - modifier mismatch
		// 2 - type mismatch
		// -1 - dynamic binding required
		//
		int IsArgumentCompatible (ResolveContext ec, Argument argument, Parameter.Modifier param_mod, TypeSpec parameter)
		{
			//
			// Types have to be identical when ref or out modifer
			// is used and argument is not of dynamic type
			//
			if (((argument.Modifier | param_mod) & Parameter.Modifier.RefOutMask) != 0) {
				var arg_type = argument.Type;

				if ((argument.Modifier & Parameter.Modifier.RefOutMask) != (param_mod & Parameter.Modifier.RefOutMask)) {
					//
					// Using dynamic for ref/out parameter can still succeed at runtime
					//
					if (arg_type.BuiltinType == BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Dynamic && (argument.Modifier & Parameter.Modifier.RefOutMask) == 0 && (restrictions & Restrictions.CovariantDelegate) == 0)
						return -1;

					return 1;
				}

				if (arg_type != parameter) {
					if (arg_type == InternalType.VarOutType || arg_type == InternalType.Discard)
						return 0;

					var ref_arg_type = arg_type as ReferenceContainer;
					if (ref_arg_type != null) {
						arg_type = ref_arg_type.Element;
					}

					//
					// Do full equality check after quick path
					//
					if (!TypeSpecComparer.IsEqual (arg_type, parameter)) {
						//
						// Using dynamic for ref/out parameter can still succeed at runtime
						//
						if (arg_type.BuiltinType == BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Dynamic && (argument.Modifier & Parameter.Modifier.RefOutMask) == 0 && (restrictions & Restrictions.CovariantDelegate) == 0)
							return -1;

						return 2;
					}
				}

			} else {
				if (argument.Type.BuiltinType == BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Dynamic && (restrictions & Restrictions.CovariantDelegate) == 0)
					return -1;

				//
				// Use implicit conversion in all modes to return same candidates when the expression
				// is used as argument or delegate conversion
				//
				if (!Convert.ImplicitConversionExists (ec, argument.Expr, parameter)) {
					return parameter.IsDelegate && argument.Expr is AnonymousMethodExpression ? 2 : 3;
				}
			}

			return 0;
		}

		static TypeSpec MoreSpecific (TypeSpec p, TypeSpec q)
		{
			if (p.IsGenericParameter != q.IsGenericParameter)
				return p.IsGenericParameter ? q : p;

			var ac_p = p as ArrayContainer;
			if (ac_p != null) {
				var ac_q = q as ArrayContainer;
				if (ac_q == null)
					return null;

				TypeSpec specific = MoreSpecific (ac_p.Element, ac_q.Element);
				if (specific == ac_p.Element)
					return p;
				if (specific == ac_q.Element)
					return q;

				return null;
			}

			if (p.IsGeneric && q.IsGeneric) {
				var pargs = p.TypeArguments;
				var qargs = q.TypeArguments;

				bool p_specific_at_least_once = false;
				bool q_specific_at_least_once = false;

				for (int i = 0; i < pargs.Length; i++) {
					TypeSpec specific = MoreSpecific (pargs [i], qargs [i]);
					if (specific == pargs [i])
						p_specific_at_least_once = true;
					if (specific == qargs [i])
						q_specific_at_least_once = true;
				}

				if (p_specific_at_least_once && !q_specific_at_least_once)
					return p;
				if (!p_specific_at_least_once && q_specific_at_least_once)
					return q;
			}

			return null;
		}

		//
		// Find the best method from candidate list
		//
		public T ResolveMember<T> (ResolveContext rc, ref Arguments args) where T : MemberSpec, IParametersMember
		{
			List<AmbiguousCandidate> ambiguous_candidates = null;

			MemberSpec best_candidate;
			Arguments best_candidate_args = null;
			bool best_candidate_params = false;
			bool best_candidate_dynamic = false;
			int best_candidate_rate;
			IParametersMember best_parameter_member = null;

			int args_count = args != null ? args.Count : 0;

			Arguments candidate_args = args;
			bool error_mode = false;
			MemberSpec invocable_member = null;
			int applicable_candidates = 0;

			while (true) {
				best_candidate = null;
				best_candidate_rate = int.MaxValue;

				var type_members = members;
				do {
					for (int i = 0; i < type_members.Count; ++i) {
						var member = type_members[i];

						//
						// Methods in a base class are not candidates if any method in a derived
						// class is applicable
						//
						if ((member.Modifiers & Modifiers.OVERRIDE) != 0)
							continue;

						if (!error_mode) {
							if (!member.IsAccessible (rc))
								continue;

							if (rc.IsRuntimeBinder && !member.DeclaringType.IsAccessible (rc))
								continue;

							if ((member.Modifiers & (Modifiers.PROTECTED | Modifiers.STATIC)) == Modifiers.PROTECTED &&
								instance_qualifier != null && !instance_qualifier.CheckProtectedMemberAccess (rc, member)) {
								continue;
							}
						}

						IParametersMember pm = member as IParametersMember;
						if (pm == null) {
							//
							// Will use it later to report ambiguity between best method and invocable member
							//
							if (Invocation.IsMemberInvocable (member))
								invocable_member = member;

							continue;
						}

						//
						// Overload resolution is looking for base member but using parameter names
						// and default values from the closest member. That means to do expensive lookup
						// for the closest override for virtual or abstract members
						//
						if ((member.Modifiers & (Modifiers.VIRTUAL | Modifiers.ABSTRACT)) != 0) {
							var override_params = base_provider.GetOverrideMemberParameters (member);
							if (override_params != null)
								pm = override_params;
						}

						//
						// Check if the member candidate is applicable
						//
						bool params_expanded_form = false;
						bool dynamic_argument = false;
						TypeSpec rt = pm.MemberType;
						int candidate_rate = IsApplicable (rc, ref candidate_args, args_count, ref member, pm, ref params_expanded_form, ref dynamic_argument, ref rt, error_mode);

						if (lambda_conv_msgs != null)
							lambda_conv_msgs.EndSession ();

						//
						// How does it score compare to others
						//
						if (candidate_rate < best_candidate_rate) {

							// Fatal error (missing dependency), cannot continue
							if (candidate_rate < 0)
								return null;

							applicable_candidates = 1;
							if ((restrictions & Restrictions.GetEnumeratorLookup) != 0 && candidate_args.Count != 0) {
								// Only parameterless methods are considered
							} else {
								best_candidate_rate = candidate_rate;
								best_candidate = member;
								best_candidate_args = candidate_args;
								best_candidate_params = params_expanded_form;
								best_candidate_dynamic = dynamic_argument;
								best_parameter_member = pm;
								best_candidate_return_type = rt;
							}
						} else if (candidate_rate == 0) {
							//
							// The member look is done per type for most operations but sometimes
							// it's not possible like for binary operators overload because they
							// are unioned between 2 sides
							//
							if ((restrictions & Restrictions.BaseMembersIncluded) != 0) {
								if (TypeSpec.IsBaseClass (best_candidate.DeclaringType, member.DeclaringType, true))
									continue;
							}

							++applicable_candidates;
							bool is_better;
							if (best_candidate.DeclaringType.IsInterface && member.DeclaringType.ImplementsInterface (best_candidate.DeclaringType, false)) {
								//
								// We pack all interface members into top level type which makes the overload resolution
								// more complicated for interfaces. We compensate it by removing methods with same
								// signature when building the cache hence this path should not really be hit often
								//
								// Example:
								// interface IA { void Foo (int arg); }
								// interface IB : IA { void Foo (params int[] args); }
								//
								// IB::Foo is the best overload when calling IB.Foo (1)
								//
								is_better = true;
								if (ambiguous_candidates != null) {
									foreach (var amb_cand in ambiguous_candidates) {
										if (member.DeclaringType.ImplementsInterface (best_candidate.DeclaringType, false)) {
											continue;
										}

										is_better = false;
										break;
									}

									if (is_better)
										ambiguous_candidates = null;
								}
							} else {
								// Is the new candidate better
								is_better = BetterFunction (rc, candidate_args, member, pm.Parameters, params_expanded_form, best_candidate, best_parameter_member.Parameters, best_candidate_params);
							}

							if (is_better) {
								best_candidate = member;
								best_candidate_args = candidate_args;
								best_candidate_params = params_expanded_form;
								best_candidate_dynamic = dynamic_argument;
								best_parameter_member = pm;
								best_candidate_return_type = rt;
							} else {
								// It's not better but any other found later could be but we are not sure yet
								if (ambiguous_candidates == null)
									ambiguous_candidates = new List<AmbiguousCandidate> ();

								ambiguous_candidates.Add (new AmbiguousCandidate (member, pm.Parameters, params_expanded_form));
							}
						}

						// Restore expanded arguments
						candidate_args = args;
					}
				} while (best_candidate_rate != 0 && (type_members = base_provider.GetBaseMembers (type_members[0].DeclaringType)) != null);

				//
				// We've found exact match
				//
				if (best_candidate_rate == 0)
					break;

				//
				// Try extension methods lookup when no ordinary method match was found and provider enables it
				//
				if (!error_mode) {
					var emg = base_provider.LookupExtensionMethod (rc);
					if (emg != null) {
						emg = emg.OverloadResolve (rc, ref args, null, restrictions);
						if (emg != null) {
							best_candidate_extension_group = emg;
							return (T) (MemberSpec) emg.BestCandidate;
						}
					}
				}

				// Don't run expensive error reporting mode for probing
				if (IsProbingOnly)
					return null;

				if (error_mode)
					break;

				if (lambda_conv_msgs != null && !lambda_conv_msgs.IsEmpty)
					break;

				lambda_conv_msgs = null;
				error_mode = true;
			}

			//
			// No best member match found, report an error
			//
			if (best_candidate_rate != 0 || error_mode) {
				ReportOverloadError (rc, best_candidate, best_parameter_member, best_candidate_args, best_candidate_params);
				return null;
			}

			if (best_candidate_dynamic) {
				if (args[0].IsExtensionType) {
					rc.Report.Error (1973, loc,
						"Type `{0}' does not contain a member `{1}' and the best extension method overload `{2}' cannot be dynamically dispatched. Consider calling the method without the extension method syntax",
						args [0].Type.GetSignatureForError (), best_candidate.Name, best_candidate.GetSignatureForError ());
				}

				//
				// Check type constraints only when explicit type arguments are used
				//
				if (applicable_candidates == 1 && best_candidate.IsGeneric && type_arguments != null) {
					MethodSpec bc = best_candidate as MethodSpec;
					if (bc != null && TypeParameterSpec.HasAnyTypeParameterConstrained (bc.GenericDefinition)) {
						ConstraintChecker cc = new ConstraintChecker (rc);
						cc.CheckAll (bc.GetGenericMethodDefinition (), bc.TypeArguments, bc.Constraints, loc);
					}
				}

				BestCandidateIsDynamic = true;
				return null;
			}

			//
			// These flags indicates we are running delegate probing conversion. No need to
			// do more expensive checks
			// 
			if ((restrictions & (Restrictions.ProbingOnly | Restrictions.CovariantDelegate)) == (Restrictions.CovariantDelegate | Restrictions.ProbingOnly))
				return (T) best_candidate;

			if (ambiguous_candidates != null) {
				//
				// Now check that there are no ambiguities i.e the selected method
				// should be better than all the others
				//
				for (int ix = 0; ix < ambiguous_candidates.Count; ix++) {
					var candidate = ambiguous_candidates [ix];

					if (!BetterFunction (rc, best_candidate_args, best_candidate, best_parameter_member.Parameters, best_candidate_params, candidate.Member, candidate.Parameters, candidate.Expanded)) {
						var ambiguous = candidate.Member;
						if (custom_errors == null || !custom_errors.AmbiguousCandidates (rc, best_candidate, ambiguous)) {
							rc.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (best_candidate);
							rc.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (ambiguous);
							rc.Report.Error (121, loc, "The call is ambiguous between the following methods or properties: `{0}' and `{1}'",
								best_candidate.GetSignatureForError (), ambiguous.GetSignatureForError ());
						}

						return (T) best_candidate;
					}
				}
			}

			if (invocable_member != null && !IsProbingOnly) {
				rc.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (best_candidate);
				rc.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (invocable_member);
				rc.Report.Warning (467, 2, loc, "Ambiguity between method `{0}' and invocable non-method `{1}'. Using method group",
					best_candidate.GetSignatureForError (), invocable_member.GetSignatureForError ());
			}

			//
			// And now check if the arguments are all
			// compatible, perform conversions if
			// necessary etc. and return if everything is
			// all right
			//
			if (!VerifyArguments (rc, ref best_candidate_args, best_candidate, best_parameter_member, best_candidate_params))
				return null;

			if (best_candidate == null)
				return null;

			//
			// Don't run possibly expensive checks in probing mode
			//
			if (!IsProbingOnly && !rc.IsInProbingMode) {
				//
				// Check ObsoleteAttribute on the best method
				//
				best_candidate.CheckObsoleteness (rc, loc);

				best_candidate.MemberDefinition.SetIsUsed ();
			}

			args = best_candidate_args;
			return (T) best_candidate;
		}

		public MethodSpec ResolveOperator (ResolveContext rc, ref Arguments args)
		{
			return ResolveMember<MethodSpec> (rc, ref args);
		}

		void ReportArgumentMismatch (ResolveContext ec, int idx, MemberSpec method,
													Argument a, AParametersCollection expected_par, TypeSpec paramType)
		{
			if (custom_errors != null && custom_errors.ArgumentMismatch (ec, method, a, idx))
				return;

			if (a.Type == InternalType.ErrorType)
				return;

			if (a is CollectionElementInitializer.ElementInitializerArgument) {
				ec.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (method);
				if ((expected_par.FixedParameters[idx].ModFlags & Parameter.Modifier.RefOutMask) != 0) {
					ec.Report.Error (1954, loc, "The best overloaded collection initalizer method `{0}' cannot have `ref' or `out' modifier",
						TypeManager.CSharpSignature (method));
					return;
				}
				ec.Report.Error (1950, loc, "The best overloaded collection initalizer method `{0}' has some invalid arguments",
					  TypeManager.CSharpSignature (method));
			} else if (IsDelegateInvoke) {
				ec.Report.Error (1594, loc, "Delegate `{0}' has some invalid arguments",
					DelegateType.GetSignatureForError ());
			} else {
				ec.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (method);
				ec.Report.Error (1502, loc, "The best overloaded method match for `{0}' has some invalid arguments",
					method.GetSignatureForError ());
			}

			Parameter.Modifier mod = idx >= expected_par.Count ? 0 : expected_par.FixedParameters[idx].ModFlags;

			string index = (idx + 1).ToString ();
			if (((mod & Parameter.Modifier.RefOutMask) ^ (a.Modifier & Parameter.Modifier.RefOutMask)) != 0) {
				if ((mod & Parameter.Modifier.RefOutMask) == 0)
					ec.Report.Error (1615, a.Expr.Location, "Argument `#{0}' does not require `{1}' modifier. Consider removing `{1}' modifier",
						index, Parameter.GetModifierSignature (a.Modifier));
				else
					ec.Report.Error (1620, a.Expr.Location, "Argument `#{0}' is missing `{1}' modifier",
						index, Parameter.GetModifierSignature (mod));
			} else {
				string p1 = a.GetSignatureForError ();
				string p2 = paramType.GetSignatureForError ();

				if (p1 == p2) {
					p1 = a.Type.GetSignatureForErrorIncludingAssemblyName ();
					p2 = paramType.GetSignatureForErrorIncludingAssemblyName ();
				}

				if ((mod & Parameter.Modifier.RefOutMask) != 0) {
					p1 = Parameter.GetModifierSignature (a.Modifier) + " " + p1;
					p2 = Parameter.GetModifierSignature (a.Modifier) + " " + p2;
				}

				ec.Report.Error (1503, a.Expr.Location,
					"Argument `#{0}' cannot convert `{1}' expression to type `{2}'", index, p1, p2);
			}
		}

		//
		// We have failed to find exact match so we return error info about the closest match
		//
		void ReportOverloadError (ResolveContext rc, MemberSpec best_candidate, IParametersMember pm, Arguments args, bool params_expanded)
		{
			int ta_count = type_arguments == null ? 0 : type_arguments.Count;
			int arg_count = args == null ? 0 : args.Count;

			if (ta_count != best_candidate.Arity && (ta_count > 0 || ((IParametersMember) best_candidate).Parameters.IsEmpty)) {
				var mg = new MethodGroupExpr (new [] { best_candidate }, best_candidate.DeclaringType, loc);
				mg.Error_TypeArgumentsCannotBeUsed (rc, best_candidate, loc);
				return;
			}

			if (lambda_conv_msgs != null && lambda_conv_msgs.Merge (rc.Report.Printer)) {
				return;
			}


			if ((best_candidate.Modifiers & (Modifiers.PROTECTED | Modifiers.STATIC)) == Modifiers.PROTECTED &&
				InstanceQualifier != null && !InstanceQualifier.CheckProtectedMemberAccess (rc, best_candidate)) {
				MemberExpr.Error_ProtectedMemberAccess (rc, best_candidate, InstanceQualifier.InstanceType, loc);
			}

			//
			// For candidates which match on parameters count report more details about incorrect arguments
			//
			if (pm != null) {
				if (pm.Parameters.Count == arg_count || params_expanded || HasUnfilledParams (best_candidate, pm, args)) {
					// Reject any inaccessible member
					if (!best_candidate.IsAccessible (rc) || !best_candidate.DeclaringType.IsAccessible (rc)) {
						rc.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (best_candidate);
						Expression.ErrorIsInaccesible (rc, best_candidate.GetSignatureForError (), loc);
						return;
					}

					var ms = best_candidate as MethodSpec;
					if (ms != null && ms.IsGeneric) {
						bool constr_ok = true;
						if (ms.TypeArguments != null)
							constr_ok = new ConstraintChecker (rc.MemberContext).CheckAll (ms.GetGenericMethodDefinition (), ms.TypeArguments, ms.Constraints, loc);

						if (ta_count == 0 && ms.TypeArguments == null) {
							if (custom_errors != null && custom_errors.TypeInferenceFailed (rc, best_candidate))
								return;

							if (constr_ok) {
								rc.Report.Error (411, loc,
									"The type arguments for method `{0}' cannot be inferred from the usage. Try specifying the type arguments explicitly",
									ms.GetGenericMethodDefinition ().GetSignatureForError ());
							}

							return;
						}
					}

					VerifyArguments (rc, ref args, best_candidate, pm, params_expanded);
					return;
				}
			}

			//
			// We failed to find any method with correct argument count, report best candidate
			//
			if (custom_errors != null && custom_errors.NoArgumentMatch (rc, best_candidate))
				return;

			if (best_candidate.Kind == MemberKind.Constructor) {
				rc.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (best_candidate);
				Error_ConstructorMismatch (rc, best_candidate.DeclaringType, arg_count, loc);
			} else if (IsDelegateInvoke) {
				rc.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (DelegateType);
				rc.Report.Error (1593, loc, "Delegate `{0}' does not take `{1}' arguments",
					DelegateType.GetSignatureForError (), arg_count.ToString ());
			} else {
				string name = best_candidate.Kind == MemberKind.Indexer ? "this" : best_candidate.Name;
				rc.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (best_candidate);
				rc.Report.Error (1501, loc, "No overload for method `{0}' takes `{1}' arguments",
					name, arg_count.ToString ());
			}
		}

		static bool HasUnfilledParams (MemberSpec best_candidate, IParametersMember pm, Arguments args)
		{
			var p = ((IParametersMember)best_candidate).Parameters;
			if (!p.HasParams)
				return false;

			string name = null;
			for (int i = p.Count - 1; i != 0; --i) {
				var fp = p.FixedParameters [i];
				if ((fp.ModFlags & Parameter.Modifier.PARAMS) == 0)
					continue;

				name = fp.Name;
				break;
			}

			if (args == null)
				return false;

			foreach (var arg in args) {
				var na = arg as NamedArgument;
				if (na == null)
					continue;

				if (na.Name == name) {
					name = null;
					break;
				}
			}

			if (name == null)
				return false;

			return args.Count + 1 == pm.Parameters.Count;
		}

		bool VerifyArguments (ResolveContext ec, ref Arguments args, MemberSpec member, IParametersMember pm, bool chose_params_expanded)
		{
			var pd = pm.Parameters;
			var cpd = ((IParametersMember) member).Parameters;
			var ptypes = cpd.Types;

			Parameter.Modifier p_mod = 0;
			TypeSpec pt = null;
			int a_idx = 0, a_pos = 0;
			Argument a = null;
			ArrayInitializer params_initializers = null;
			bool has_unsafe_arg = pm.MemberType.IsPointer;
			int arg_count = args == null ? 0 : args.Count;

			for (; a_idx < arg_count; a_idx++, ++a_pos) {
				a = args [a_idx];
				if (a == null)
					continue;

				if (p_mod != Parameter.Modifier.PARAMS) {
					p_mod = cpd.FixedParameters [a_idx].ModFlags;
					pt = ptypes [a_idx];
					has_unsafe_arg |= pt.IsPointer;

					if (p_mod == Parameter.Modifier.PARAMS) {
						if (chose_params_expanded) {
							params_initializers = new ArrayInitializer (arg_count - a_idx, a.Expr.Location);
							pt = TypeManager.GetElementType (pt);
						}
					}
				}

				//
				// Types have to be identical when ref or out modifer is used 
				//
				if (((a.Modifier | p_mod) & Parameter.Modifier.RefOutMask) != 0) {
					if ((a.Modifier & Parameter.Modifier.RefOutMask) != (p_mod & Parameter.Modifier.RefOutMask))
						break;

					var arg_type = a.Type;
					if (arg_type == pt)
						continue;

					if (arg_type == InternalType.VarOutType) {
						//
						// Set underlying variable type based on parameter type
						//
						((DeclarationExpression)a.Expr).Variable.Type = pt;
						continue;
					}

					if (arg_type == InternalType.Discard) {
						a.Expr.Type = pt;
						continue;
					}

					var ref_arg_type = arg_type as ReferenceContainer;
					if (ref_arg_type != null) {
						if (ref_arg_type.Element != pt)
							break;

						return true;
					}

					if (!TypeSpecComparer.IsEqual (arg_type, pt))
						break;
				}

				NamedArgument na = a as NamedArgument;
				if (na != null) {
					int name_index = pd.GetParameterIndexByName (na.Name);
					if (name_index < 0 || name_index >= pd.Count) {
						if (IsDelegateInvoke) {
							ec.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (DelegateType);
							ec.Report.Error (1746, na.Location,
								"The delegate `{0}' does not contain a parameter named `{1}'",
								DelegateType.GetSignatureForError (), na.Name);
						} else {
							ec.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (member);
							ec.Report.Error (1739, na.Location,
								"The best overloaded method match for `{0}' does not contain a parameter named `{1}'",
								TypeManager.CSharpSignature (member), na.Name);
						}
					} else if (args[name_index] != a && args[name_index] != null) {
						if (IsDelegateInvoke)
							ec.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (DelegateType);
						else
							ec.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (member);

						if (name_index > a_idx) {
							ec.Report.Error (8323, na.Location,
								"Named argument `{0}' is used out of position but is followed by positional argument",
								na.Name);
						} else {
							ec.Report.Error (1744, na.Location,
								"Named argument `{0}' cannot be used for a parameter which has positional argument specified",
								na.Name);
						}
					}
				}
				
				if (a.Expr.Type.BuiltinType == BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Dynamic)
					continue;

				if ((restrictions & Restrictions.CovariantDelegate) != 0 && !Delegate.IsTypeCovariant (ec, a.Expr.Type, pt)) {
					if (a.IsExtensionType) {
						// TODO: Should report better message type, something similar to CS1928/1929 instead of
						// CS1061 but that still better than confusing CS0123
						var ma = new MemberAccess (a.Expr, member.Name, loc);
						ma.Error_TypeDoesNotContainDefinition (ec, a.Expr.Type, ma.Name);
					} else {
						custom_errors.NoArgumentMatch (ec, member);
					}
					return false;
				}

				Expression conv;
				if (a.IsExtensionType) {
					if (a.Expr.Type == pt || TypeSpecComparer.IsEqual (a.Expr.Type, pt)) {
						conv = a.Expr;
					} else {
						conv = Convert.ImplicitReferenceConversion (a.Expr, pt, false);
						if (conv == null)
							conv = Convert.ImplicitBoxingConversion (a.Expr, a.Expr.Type, pt);
					}
				} else {
					conv = Convert.ImplicitConversion (ec, a.Expr, pt, loc);
				}

				if (conv == null)
					break;

				//
				// Convert params arguments to an array initializer
				//
				if (params_initializers != null) {
					// we choose to use 'a.Expr' rather than 'conv' so that
					// we don't hide the kind of expression we have (esp. CompoundAssign.Helper)
					params_initializers.Add (a.Expr);
					args.RemoveAt (a_idx--);
					--arg_count;
					a.Expr = conv;
					continue;
				}

				// Update the argument with the implicit conversion
				a.Expr = conv;
			}

			if (a_idx != arg_count) {
				//
				// Convert all var out argument to error type for less confusing error reporting
				// when no matching overload is found
				//
				for (; a_idx < arg_count; a_idx++) {
					var arg = args [a_idx];
					if (arg == null)
						continue;

					if (arg.Type == InternalType.VarOutType) {
						((DeclarationExpression)arg.Expr).Variable.Type = InternalType.ErrorType;
					}
				}

				ReportArgumentMismatch (ec, a_pos, member, a, pd, pt);
				return false;
			}

			//
			// Fill not provided arguments required by params modifier
			//
			if (params_initializers == null && arg_count + 1 == pd.Count) {
				if (args == null)
					args = new Arguments (1);

				pt = ptypes[pd.Count - 1];
				pt = TypeManager.GetElementType (pt);
				has_unsafe_arg |= pt.IsPointer;
				params_initializers = new ArrayInitializer (0, loc);
			}

			//
			// Append an array argument with all params arguments
			//
			if (params_initializers != null) {
				args.Add (new Argument (
					new ArrayCreation (new TypeExpression (pt, loc), params_initializers, loc).Resolve (ec)));
				arg_count++;
			}

			if (has_unsafe_arg) {
				if (ec.CurrentIterator != null) {
					Expression.UnsafeInsideIteratorError (ec, loc);
				} else if (!ec.IsUnsafe) {
					Expression.UnsafeError (ec, loc);
				}
			}

			//
			// We could infer inaccesible type arguments
			//
			if (type_arguments == null && member.IsGeneric) {
				var ms = (MethodSpec) member;
				foreach (var ta in ms.TypeArguments) {
					if (!ta.IsAccessible (ec)) {
						ec.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (ta);
						Expression.ErrorIsInaccesible (ec, member.GetSignatureForError (), loc);
						break;
					}
				}
			}

			return true;
		}
	}

	public class ConstantExpr : MemberExpr
	{
		readonly ConstSpec constant;

		public ConstantExpr (ConstSpec constant, Location loc)
		{
			this.constant = constant;
			this.loc = loc;
		}

		public override string Name {
			get { throw new NotImplementedException (); }
		}

		public override string KindName {
			get { return "constant"; }
		}

		public override bool IsInstance {
			get { return !IsStatic; }
		}

		public override bool IsStatic {
			get { return true; }
		}

		protected override TypeSpec DeclaringType {
			get { return constant.DeclaringType; }
		}

		public override Expression CreateExpressionTree (ResolveContext ec)
		{
			throw new NotSupportedException ("ET");
		}

		protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext rc)
		{
			ResolveInstanceExpression (rc, null);
			DoBestMemberChecks (rc, constant);

			if (rc.HasSet (ResolveContext.Options.NameOfScope)) {
				eclass = ExprClass.Value;
				type = constant.MemberType;
				return this;
			}

			var c = constant.GetConstant (rc);

			// Creates reference expression to the constant value
			return Constant.CreateConstantFromValue (constant.MemberType, c.GetValue (), loc);
		}

		public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
		{
			throw new NotSupportedException ();
		}

		public override string GetSignatureForError ()
		{
			return constant.GetSignatureForError ();
		}

		public override void ResolveNameOf (ResolveContext rc, ATypeNameExpression expr)
		{
			constant.CheckObsoleteness (rc, expr.Location);
		}

		public override void SetTypeArguments (ResolveContext ec, TypeArguments ta)
		{
			Error_TypeArgumentsCannotBeUsed (ec, "constant", GetSignatureForError (), loc);
		}
	}

	//
	// Fully resolved expression that references a Field
	//
	public class FieldExpr : MemberExpr, IDynamicAssign, IMemoryLocation, IVariableReference
	{
		protected FieldSpec spec;
		VariableInfo variable_info;
		
		LocalTemporary temp;
		bool prepared;
		
		protected FieldExpr (Location l)
		{
			loc = l;
		}

		public FieldExpr (FieldSpec spec, Location loc)
		{
			this.spec = spec;
			this.loc = loc;

			type = spec.MemberType;
		}
		
		public FieldExpr (FieldBase fi, Location l)
			: this (fi.Spec, l)
		{
		}

		#region Properties

		public override string Name {
			get {
				return spec.Name;
			}
		}

		public bool IsHoisted {
			get {
				IVariableReference hv = InstanceExpression as IVariableReference;
				return hv != null && hv.IsHoisted;
			}
		}

		public override bool IsInstance {
			get {
				return !spec.IsStatic;
			}
		}

		public override bool IsStatic {
			get {
				return spec.IsStatic;
			}
		}

		public override string KindName {
			get { return "field"; }
		}

		public FieldSpec Spec {
			get {
				return spec;
			}
		}

		protected override TypeSpec DeclaringType {
			get {
				return spec.DeclaringType;
			}
		}

		public VariableInfo VariableInfo {
			get {
				return variable_info;
			}
		}

#endregion

		public override string GetSignatureForError ()
		{
			return spec.GetSignatureForError ();
		}

		public bool IsMarshalByRefAccess (ResolveContext rc)
		{
			// Checks possible ldflda of field access expression
			return !spec.IsStatic && TypeSpec.IsValueType (spec.MemberType) && !(InstanceExpression is This) &&
				rc.Module.PredefinedTypes.MarshalByRefObject.Define () &&
				TypeSpec.IsBaseClass (spec.DeclaringType, rc.Module.PredefinedTypes.MarshalByRefObject.TypeSpec, false);
		}

		public void SetHasAddressTaken ()
		{
			IVariableReference vr = InstanceExpression as IVariableReference;
			if (vr != null) {
				vr.SetHasAddressTaken ();
			}
		}

		protected override void CloneTo (CloneContext clonectx, Expression target)
		{
			var t = (FieldExpr) target;

			if (InstanceExpression != null)
				t.InstanceExpression = InstanceExpression.Clone (clonectx);
		}

		public override Expression CreateExpressionTree (ResolveContext ec)
		{
			if (ConditionalAccess) {
				Error_NullShortCircuitInsideExpressionTree (ec);
			}

			return CreateExpressionTree (ec, true);
		}

		public Expression CreateExpressionTree (ResolveContext ec, bool convertInstance)
		{
			Arguments args;
			Expression instance;

			if (InstanceExpression == null) {
				instance = new NullLiteral (loc);
			} else if (convertInstance) {
				instance = InstanceExpression.CreateExpressionTree (ec);
			} else {
				args = new Arguments (1);
				args.Add (new Argument (InstanceExpression));
				instance = CreateExpressionFactoryCall (ec, "Constant", args);
			}

			args = Arguments.CreateForExpressionTree (ec, null,
				instance,
				CreateTypeOfExpression ());

			return CreateExpressionFactoryCall (ec, "Field", args);
		}

		public Expression CreateTypeOfExpression ()
		{
			return new TypeOfField (spec, loc);
		}

		protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext ec)
		{
			spec.MemberDefinition.SetIsUsed ();

			return DoResolve (ec, null);
		}

		Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext ec, Expression rhs)
		{
			bool lvalue_instance = rhs != null && IsInstance && spec.DeclaringType.IsStruct;

			if (rhs != this) {
				ResolveConditionalAccessReceiver (ec);

				if (ResolveInstanceExpression (ec, rhs)) {
					// Resolve the field's instance expression while flow analysis is turned
					// off: when accessing a field "a.b", we must check whether the field
					// "a.b" is initialized, not whether the whole struct "a" is initialized.

					if (lvalue_instance) {
						bool out_access = rhs == EmptyExpression.OutAccess || rhs == EmptyExpression.LValueMemberOutAccess;

						Expression right_side =
							out_access ? EmptyExpression.LValueMemberOutAccess : EmptyExpression.LValueMemberAccess;

						InstanceExpression = InstanceExpression.ResolveLValue (ec, right_side);
					} else {
						InstanceExpression = InstanceExpression.Resolve (ec, ResolveFlags.VariableOrValue);
					}

					if (InstanceExpression == null)
						return null;
				}

				DoBestMemberChecks (ec, spec);

				if (conditional_access_receiver)
					ec.With (ResolveContext.Options.DontSetConditionalAccessReceiver, false);
			}

			var fb = spec as FixedFieldSpec;
			IVariableReference var = InstanceExpression as IVariableReference;

			if (fb != null) {
				IFixedExpression fe = InstanceExpression as IFixedExpression;
				if (!ec.HasSet (ResolveContext.Options.FixedInitializerScope) && (fe == null || !fe.IsFixed)) {
					ec.Report.Error (1666, loc, "You cannot use fixed size buffers contained in unfixed expressions. Try using the fixed statement");
				}

				if (InstanceExpression.eclass != ExprClass.Variable) {
					ec.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (spec);
					ec.Report.Error (1708, loc, "`{0}': Fixed size buffers can only be accessed through locals or fields",
						TypeManager.GetFullNameSignature (spec));
				} else if (var != null && var.IsHoisted) {
					AnonymousMethodExpression.Error_AddressOfCapturedVar (ec, var, loc);
				}

				return new FixedBufferPtr (this, fb.ElementType, loc).Resolve (ec);
			}

			//
			// Set flow-analysis variable info for struct member access. It will be check later
			// for precise error reporting
			//
			if (var != null && var.VariableInfo != null && InstanceExpression.Type.IsStruct) {
				variable_info = var.VariableInfo.GetStructFieldInfo (Name);
			}

			if (conditional_access_receiver)
				type = LiftMemberType (ec, type);

			if (ConditionalAccess && InstanceExpression != null && InstanceExpression.IsNull)
				return Constant.CreateConstantFromValue (type, null, loc);

			eclass = ExprClass.Variable;
			return this;
		}

		public override void ResolveNameOf (ResolveContext rc, ATypeNameExpression expr)
		{
			spec.CheckObsoleteness (rc, expr.Location);
		}

		public void SetFieldAssigned (FlowAnalysisContext fc)
		{
			if (!IsInstance)
				return;

			bool lvalue_instance = spec.DeclaringType.IsStruct;
			if (lvalue_instance) {
				var var = InstanceExpression as IVariableReference;
				if (var != null && var.VariableInfo != null) {
					fc.SetStructFieldAssigned (var.VariableInfo, Name);
				}
			}

			var fe = InstanceExpression as FieldExpr;
			if (fe != null) {
				Expression instance;

				do {
					instance = fe.InstanceExpression;
					var fe_instance = instance as FieldExpr;
					if ((fe_instance != null && !fe_instance.IsStatic) || instance is LocalVariableReference) {
						if (TypeSpec.IsReferenceType (fe.Type) && instance.Type.IsStruct) {
							var var = InstanceExpression as IVariableReference;
							if (var != null && var.VariableInfo == null) {
								var var_inst = instance as IVariableReference;
								if (var_inst == null || (var_inst.VariableInfo != null && !fc.IsDefinitelyAssigned (var_inst.VariableInfo)))
									fc.Report.Warning (1060, 1, fe.loc, "Use of possibly unassigned field `{0}'", fe.Name);
							}
						}

						if (fe_instance != null) {
							fe = fe_instance;
							continue;
						}
					}

					break;
				} while (true);

				if (instance != null && TypeSpec.IsReferenceType (instance.Type))
					instance.FlowAnalysis (fc);
			} else {
				if (TypeSpec.IsReferenceType (InstanceExpression.Type))
					InstanceExpression.FlowAnalysis (fc);
			}
		}

		Expression Error_AssignToReadonly (ResolveContext rc, Expression right_side)
		{
			// The return value is always null.  Returning a value simplifies calling code.
	
			if (right_side == EmptyExpression.OutAccess) {
				if (IsStatic) {
					rc.Report.Error (199, loc, "A static readonly field `{0}' cannot be passed ref or out (except in a static constructor)",
						GetSignatureForError ());
				} else {
					rc.Report.Error (192, loc, "A readonly field `{0}' cannot be passed ref or out (except in a constructor)",
						GetSignatureForError ());
				}

				return ErrorExpression.Instance;
			}

			if (right_side == EmptyExpression.LValueMemberAccess) {
				// Already reported as CS1648/CS1650
				return ErrorExpression.Instance;
			}

			if (right_side == EmptyExpression.LValueMemberOutAccess) {
				if (IsStatic) {
					rc.Report.Error (1651, loc, "Fields of static readonly field `{0}' cannot be passed ref or out (except in a static constructor)",
						GetSignatureForError ());
				} else {
					rc.Report.Error (1649, loc, "Members of readonly field `{0}' cannot be passed ref or out (except in a constructor)",
						GetSignatureForError ());
				}
				return ErrorExpression.Instance;
			}

			if (IsStatic) {
				rc.Report.Error (198, loc, "A static readonly field `{0}' cannot be assigned to (except in a static constructor or a variable initializer)",
					GetSignatureForError ());
			} else {
				rc.Report.Error (191, loc, "A readonly field `{0}' cannot be assigned to (except in a constructor or a variable initializer)",
					GetSignatureForError ());
			}

			return ErrorExpression.Instance;
		}

		public override Expression DoResolveLValue (ResolveContext ec, Expression right_side)
		{
			if (HasConditionalAccess ())
				Error_NullPropagatingLValue (ec);

			if (spec is FixedFieldSpec) {
				// It could be much better error message but we want to be error compatible
				Error_ValueAssignment (ec, right_side);
			}

			Expression e = DoResolve (ec, right_side);

			if (e == null)
				return null;

			spec.MemberDefinition.SetIsAssigned ();

			if ((right_side == EmptyExpression.UnaryAddress || right_side == EmptyExpression.OutAccess) &&
					(spec.Modifiers & Modifiers.VOLATILE) != 0) {
				ec.Report.Warning (420, 1, loc,
					"`{0}': A volatile field references will not be treated as volatile",
					spec.GetSignatureForError ());
			}

			if (spec.IsReadOnly) {
				// InitOnly fields can only be assigned in constructors or initializers
				if (!ec.HasAny (ResolveContext.Options.FieldInitializerScope | ResolveContext.Options.ConstructorScope))
					return Error_AssignToReadonly (ec, right_side);

				if (ec.HasSet (ResolveContext.Options.ConstructorScope)) {

					// InitOnly fields cannot be assigned-to in a different constructor from their declaring type
					if (ec.CurrentMemberDefinition.Parent.PartialContainer.Definition != spec.DeclaringType.GetDefinition ())
						return Error_AssignToReadonly (ec, right_side);
					// static InitOnly fields cannot be assigned-to in an instance constructor
					if (IsStatic && !ec.IsStatic)
						return Error_AssignToReadonly (ec, right_side);
					// instance constructors can't modify InitOnly fields of other instances of the same type
					if (!IsStatic && !(InstanceExpression is This))
						return Error_AssignToReadonly (ec, right_side);
				}
			}

			if (right_side == EmptyExpression.OutAccess && IsMarshalByRefAccess (ec)) {
				ec.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (spec.DeclaringType);
				ec.Report.Warning (197, 1, loc,
						"Passing `{0}' as ref or out or taking its address may cause a runtime exception because it is a field of a marshal-by-reference class",
						GetSignatureForError ());
			}

			eclass = ExprClass.Variable;
			return this;
		}

		public override void FlowAnalysis (FlowAnalysisContext fc)
		{
			var var = InstanceExpression as IVariableReference;
			if (var != null) {
				var vi = var.VariableInfo;
				if (vi != null && !fc.IsStructFieldDefinitelyAssigned (vi, Name)) {
					fc.Report.Error (170, loc, "Use of possibly unassigned field `{0}'", Name);
					return;
				}

				if (TypeSpec.IsValueType (InstanceExpression.Type)) {
					var le = SkipLeftValueTypeAccess (InstanceExpression);
					if (le != null)
						le.FlowAnalysis (fc);

					return;
				}
			}

			var da = conditional_access_receiver ? fc.BranchDefiniteAssignment () : null;

			base.FlowAnalysis (fc);

			if (conditional_access_receiver)
				fc.DefiniteAssignment = da;
		}

		static Expression SkipLeftValueTypeAccess (Expression expr)
		{
			if (!TypeSpec.IsValueType (expr.Type))
				return expr;

			if (expr is VariableReference)
				return null;

			var fe = expr as FieldExpr;
			if (fe == null)
				return expr;

			if (fe.InstanceExpression == null)
				return expr;

			return SkipLeftValueTypeAccess (fe.InstanceExpression);
		}

		public override int GetHashCode ()
		{
			return spec.GetHashCode ();
		}
		
		public bool IsFixed {
			get {
				//
				// A variable of the form V.I is fixed when V is a fixed variable of a struct type
				//
				IVariableReference variable = InstanceExpression as IVariableReference;
				if (variable != null)
					return InstanceExpression.Type.IsStruct && variable.IsFixed;

				IFixedExpression fe = InstanceExpression as IFixedExpression;
				return fe != null && fe.IsFixed;
			}
		}

		public override bool Equals (object obj)
		{
			FieldExpr fe = obj as FieldExpr;
			if (fe == null)
				return false;

			if (spec != fe.spec)
				return false;

			if (InstanceExpression == null || fe.InstanceExpression == null)
				return true;

			return InstanceExpression.Equals (fe.InstanceExpression);
		}
		
		public void Emit (EmitContext ec, bool leave_copy)
		{
			bool is_volatile = (spec.Modifiers & Modifiers.VOLATILE) != 0;

			if (IsStatic){
				if (is_volatile)
					ec.Emit (OpCodes.Volatile);

				ec.Emit (OpCodes.Ldsfld, spec);
			} else {
				var ca = ec.ConditionalAccess;

				if (!prepared) {
					if (conditional_access_receiver)
						ec.ConditionalAccess = new ConditionalAccessContext (type, ec.DefineLabel ());

					EmitInstance (ec, false);
				}

				// Optimization for build-in types
				if (type.IsStruct && type == ec.CurrentType && InstanceExpression.Type == type) {
					ec.EmitLoadFromPtr (type);
				} else {
					var ff = spec as FixedFieldSpec;
					if (ff != null) {
						ec.Emit (OpCodes.Ldflda, spec);
						ec.Emit (OpCodes.Ldflda, ff.Element);
					} else {
						if (is_volatile)
							ec.Emit (OpCodes.Volatile);

						ec.Emit (OpCodes.Ldfld, spec);
					}
				}

				if (conditional_access_receiver) {
					ec.CloseConditionalAccess (type.IsNullableType && type != spec.MemberType ? type : null);
					ec.ConditionalAccess = ca;
				}
			}

			if (leave_copy) {
				ec.Emit (OpCodes.Dup);
				if (!IsStatic) {
					temp = new LocalTemporary (this.Type);
					temp.Store (ec);
				}
			}
		}

		public void EmitAssign (EmitContext ec, Expression source, bool leave_copy, bool isCompound)
		{
			bool has_await_source = ec.HasSet (BuilderContext.Options.AsyncBody) && source.ContainsEmitWithAwait ();
			if (isCompound && !(source is DynamicExpressionStatement) && !has_await_source) {
				prepared = true;
			}

			if (IsInstance) {
				if (ConditionalAccess)
					throw new NotImplementedException ("null operator assignment");

				if (has_await_source)
					source = source.EmitToField (ec);

				EmitInstance (ec, prepared);
			}

			source.Emit (ec);

			if (leave_copy || ec.NotifyEvaluatorOnStore) {
				ec.Emit (OpCodes.Dup);
				if (!IsStatic) {
					temp = new LocalTemporary (this.Type);
					temp.Store (ec);
				}
			}

			if ((spec.Modifiers & Modifiers.VOLATILE) != 0)
				ec.Emit (OpCodes.Volatile);
					
			spec.MemberDefinition.SetIsAssigned ();

			if (IsStatic)
				ec.Emit (OpCodes.Stsfld, spec);
			else
				ec.Emit (OpCodes.Stfld, spec);

			if (ec.NotifyEvaluatorOnStore) {
				if (!IsStatic)
					throw new NotImplementedException ("instance field write");

				if (leave_copy)
					ec.Emit (OpCodes.Dup);

				ec.Module.Evaluator.EmitValueChangedCallback (ec, Name, type, loc);
			}
			
			if (temp != null) {
				temp.Emit (ec);
				temp.Release (ec);
				temp = null;
			}
		}

		//
		// Emits store to field with prepared values on stack
		//
		public void EmitAssignFromStack (EmitContext ec)
		{
			if (IsStatic) {
				ec.Emit (OpCodes.Stsfld, spec);
			} else {
				ec.Emit (OpCodes.Stfld, spec);
			}
		}

		public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
		{
			Emit (ec, false);
		}

		public override void EmitSideEffect (EmitContext ec)
		{
			bool is_volatile = (spec.Modifiers & Modifiers.VOLATILE) != 0;

			if (is_volatile) // || is_marshal_by_ref ())
				base.EmitSideEffect (ec);
		}

		public virtual void AddressOf (EmitContext ec, AddressOp mode)
		{
			if ((mode & AddressOp.Store) != 0)
				spec.MemberDefinition.SetIsAssigned ();
			if ((mode & AddressOp.Load) != 0)
				spec.MemberDefinition.SetIsUsed ();

			//
			// Handle initonly fields specially: make a copy and then
			// get the address of the copy.
			//
			bool need_copy;
			if (spec.IsReadOnly){
				need_copy = true;
				if (ec.HasSet (EmitContext.Options.ConstructorScope) && spec.DeclaringType == ec.CurrentType) {
					if (IsStatic){
						if (ec.IsStatic)
							need_copy = false;
					} else
						need_copy = false;
				}
			} else
				need_copy = false;
			
			if (need_copy) {
				Emit (ec);
				var temp = ec.GetTemporaryLocal (type);
				ec.Emit (OpCodes.Stloc, temp);
				ec.Emit (OpCodes.Ldloca, temp);
				return;
			}


			if (IsStatic){
				ec.Emit (OpCodes.Ldsflda, spec);
			} else {
				if (!prepared)
					EmitInstance (ec, false);
				ec.Emit (OpCodes.Ldflda, spec);
			}
		}

		public SLE.Expression MakeAssignExpression (BuilderContext ctx, Expression source)
		{
			return MakeExpression (ctx);
		}

		public override SLE.Expression MakeExpression (BuilderContext ctx)
		{
#if STATIC
			return base.MakeExpression (ctx);
#else
			return SLE.Expression.Field (
				IsStatic ? null : InstanceExpression.MakeExpression (ctx),
				spec.GetMetaInfo ());
#endif
		}

		public override void SetTypeArguments (ResolveContext ec, TypeArguments ta)
		{
			Error_TypeArgumentsCannotBeUsed (ec, "field", GetSignatureForError (), loc);
		}
	}

	
	//
	// Expression that evaluates to a Property.
	//
	// This is not an LValue because we need to re-write the expression. We
	// can not take data from the stack and store it.
	//
	sealed class PropertyExpr : PropertyOrIndexerExpr<PropertySpec>
	{
		Arguments arguments;
		FieldExpr backing_field;

		public PropertyExpr (PropertySpec spec, Location l)
			: base (l)
		{
			best_candidate = spec;
			type = spec.MemberType;
		}

		#region Properties

		protected override Arguments Arguments {
			get {
				return arguments;
			}
			set {
				arguments = value;
			}
		}

		protected override TypeSpec DeclaringType {
			get {
				return best_candidate.DeclaringType;
			}
		}

		public override string Name {
			get {
				return best_candidate.Name;
			}
		}

		public bool IsAutoPropertyAccess {
			get {
				var prop = best_candidate.MemberDefinition as Property;
				return prop != null && prop.BackingField != null;
			}
		}

		public override bool IsInstance {
			get {
				return !IsStatic;
			}
		}

		public override bool IsStatic {
			get {
				return best_candidate.IsStatic;
			}
		}

		public override string KindName {
			get { return "property"; }
		}

		public PropertySpec PropertyInfo {
			get {
				return best_candidate;
			}
		}

		#endregion

		public override MethodGroupExpr CanReduceLambda (AnonymousMethodBody body)
		{
			if (best_candidate == null || !(best_candidate.IsStatic || InstanceExpression is This))
				return null;

			var args_count = arguments == null ? 0 : arguments.Count;
			if (args_count != body.Parameters.Count && args_count == 0)
				return null;

			var mg = MethodGroupExpr.CreatePredefined (best_candidate.Get, DeclaringType, loc);
			mg.InstanceExpression = InstanceExpression;

			return mg;
		}

		public static PropertyExpr CreatePredefined (PropertySpec spec, Location loc)
		{
			return new PropertyExpr (spec, loc) {
				Getter = spec.Get,
				Setter = spec.Set
			};
		}

		public override Expression CreateExpressionTree (ResolveContext ec)
		{
			if (ConditionalAccess) {
				Error_NullShortCircuitInsideExpressionTree (ec);
			}

			Arguments args;
			if (IsSingleDimensionalArrayLength ()) {
				args = new Arguments (1);
				args.Add (new Argument (InstanceExpression.CreateExpressionTree (ec)));
				return CreateExpressionFactoryCall (ec, "ArrayLength", args);
			}

			args = new Arguments (2);
			if (InstanceExpression == null)
				args.Add (new Argument (new NullLiteral (loc)));
			else
				args.Add (new Argument (InstanceExpression.CreateExpressionTree (ec)));
			args.Add (new Argument (new TypeOfMethod (Getter, loc)));
			return CreateExpressionFactoryCall (ec, "Property", args);
		}

		public Expression CreateSetterTypeOfExpression (ResolveContext rc)
		{
			DoResolveLValue (rc, null);
			return new TypeOfMethod (Setter, loc);
		}

		public override string GetSignatureForError ()
		{
			return best_candidate.GetSignatureForError ();
		}

		public override SLE.Expression MakeAssignExpression (BuilderContext ctx, Expression source)
		{
#if STATIC
			return base.MakeExpression (ctx);
#else
			return SLE.Expression.Property (InstanceExpression.MakeExpression (ctx), (MethodInfo) Setter.GetMetaInfo ());
#endif
		}

		public override SLE.Expression MakeExpression (BuilderContext ctx)
		{
#if STATIC
			return base.MakeExpression (ctx);
#else
			return SLE.Expression.Property (InstanceExpression.MakeExpression (ctx), (MethodInfo) Getter.GetMetaInfo ());
#endif
		}

		void Error_PropertyNotValid (ResolveContext ec)
		{
			ec.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (best_candidate);
			ec.Report.Error (1546, loc, "Property or event `{0}' is not supported by the C# language",
				GetSignatureForError ());
		}

		bool IsSingleDimensionalArrayLength ()
		{
			if (best_candidate.DeclaringType.BuiltinType != BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Array || !best_candidate.HasGet || Name != "Length")
				return false;

			ArrayContainer ac = InstanceExpression.Type as ArrayContainer;
			return ac != null && ac.Rank == 1;
		}

		public override void Emit (EmitContext ec, bool leave_copy)
		{
			//
			// Special case: length of single dimension array property is turned into ldlen
			//
			if (IsSingleDimensionalArrayLength ()) {
				if (conditional_access_receiver) {
					ec.ConditionalAccess = new ConditionalAccessContext (type, ec.DefineLabel ());
				}

				EmitInstance (ec, false);

				ec.Emit (OpCodes.Ldlen);
				ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I4);

				if (conditional_access_receiver) {
					ec.CloseConditionalAccess (type);
				}

				return;
			}

			base.Emit (ec, leave_copy);
		}

		public override void EmitAssign (EmitContext ec, Expression source, bool leave_copy, bool isCompound)
		{
			if (backing_field != null) {
				backing_field.EmitAssign (ec, source, leave_copy, false);
				return;
			}

			Arguments args;
			LocalTemporary await_source_arg = null;

			if (isCompound && !(source is DynamicExpressionStatement)) {
				emitting_compound_assignment = true;
				source.Emit (ec);

				if (has_await_arguments) {
					await_source_arg = new LocalTemporary (Type);
					await_source_arg.Store (ec);

					args = new Arguments (1);
					args.Add (new Argument (await_source_arg));

					if (leave_copy) {
						temp = await_source_arg;
					}

					has_await_arguments = false;
				} else {
					args = null;

					if (leave_copy) {
						ec.Emit (OpCodes.Dup);
						temp = new LocalTemporary (this.Type);
						temp.Store (ec);
					}
				}
			} else {
				args = arguments ?? new Arguments (1);

				if (leave_copy) {
					source.Emit (ec);
					temp = new LocalTemporary (this.Type);
					temp.Store (ec);
					args.Add (new Argument (temp));
				} else {
					args.Add (new Argument (source));
				}
			}

			emitting_compound_assignment = false;

			var call = new CallEmitter ();
			call.InstanceExpression = InstanceExpression;
			if (args == null)
				call.InstanceExpressionOnStack = true;

			if (ConditionalAccess) {
				call.ConditionalAccess = true;
			}

			if (leave_copy)
				call.Emit (ec, Setter, args, loc);
			else
				call.EmitStatement (ec, Setter, args, loc);

			if (temp != null) {
				temp.Emit (ec);
				temp.Release (ec);
			}

			if (await_source_arg != null) {
				await_source_arg.Release (ec);
			}
		}

		public override void FlowAnalysis (FlowAnalysisContext fc)
		{
			var prop = best_candidate.MemberDefinition as Property;
			if (prop != null && prop.BackingField != null) {
				var var = InstanceExpression as IVariableReference;
				if (var != null) {
					var vi = var.VariableInfo;
					if (vi != null && !fc.IsStructFieldDefinitelyAssigned (vi, prop.BackingField.Name)) {
						fc.Report.Error (8079, loc, "Use of possibly unassigned auto-implemented property `{0}'", Name);
						return;
					}

					if (TypeSpec.IsValueType (InstanceExpression.Type) && InstanceExpression is VariableReference)
						return;
				}
			}

			var da = conditional_access_receiver ? fc.BranchDefiniteAssignment () : null;

			base.FlowAnalysis (fc);

			if (conditional_access_receiver)
				fc.DefiniteAssignment = da;
		}

		protected override Expression OverloadResolve (ResolveContext rc, Expression right_side)
		{
			eclass = ExprClass.PropertyAccess;

			if (best_candidate.IsNotCSharpCompatible) {
				Error_PropertyNotValid (rc);
			}

			ResolveInstanceExpression (rc, right_side);

			if ((best_candidate.Modifiers & (Modifiers.ABSTRACT | Modifiers.VIRTUAL)) != 0 && best_candidate.DeclaringType != InstanceExpression.Type) {
				var filter = new MemberFilter (best_candidate.Name, 0, MemberKind.Property, null, null);
				var p = MemberCache.FindMember (InstanceExpression.Type, filter, BindingRestriction.InstanceOnly | BindingRestriction.OverrideOnly) as PropertySpec;
				if (p != null) {
					type = p.MemberType;
				}
			}

			DoBestMemberChecks (rc, best_candidate);

			// Handling of com-imported properties with any number of default property parameters
			if (best_candidate.HasGet && !best_candidate.Get.Parameters.IsEmpty) {
				var p = best_candidate.Get.Parameters;
				arguments = new Arguments (p.Count);
				for (int i = 0; i < p.Count; ++i) {
					arguments.Add (new Argument (OverloadResolver.ResolveDefaultValueArgument (rc, p.Types [i], p.FixedParameters [i].DefaultValue, loc)));
				}
			} else if (best_candidate.HasSet && best_candidate.Set.Parameters.Count > 1) {
				var p = best_candidate.Set.Parameters;
				arguments = new Arguments (p.Count - 1);
				for (int i = 0; i < p.Count - 1; ++i) {
					arguments.Add (new Argument (OverloadResolver.ResolveDefaultValueArgument (rc, p.Types [i], p.FixedParameters [i].DefaultValue, loc)));
				}
			}

			return this;
		}

		protected override bool ResolveAutopropertyAssignment (ResolveContext rc, Expression rhs)
		{
			if (!rc.HasSet (ResolveContext.Options.ConstructorScope))
				return false;

			var prop = best_candidate.MemberDefinition as Property;
			if (prop == null || prop.Parent.PartialContainer != rc.CurrentMemberDefinition.Parent.PartialContainer) {
				var ps = MemberCache.FindMember (rc.CurrentType, MemberFilter.Property (best_candidate.Name, best_candidate.MemberType), BindingRestriction.DeclaredOnly) as PropertySpec;
				if (ps == null)
					return false;

				prop = (Property)ps.MemberDefinition;
			}

			var spec = prop.BackingField;
			if (spec == null)
				return false;

			if (rc.IsStatic != spec.IsStatic)
				return false;

			if (!spec.IsStatic && (!(InstanceExpression is This) || InstanceExpression is BaseThis))
				return false;

			backing_field = new FieldExpr (prop.BackingField, loc);
			backing_field.ResolveLValue (rc, rhs);
			return true;
		}

		public override void ResolveNameOf (ResolveContext rc, ATypeNameExpression expr)
		{
			if (!best_candidate.IsAccessible (rc))
				ErrorIsInaccesible (rc, best_candidate.GetSignatureForError (), expr.Location);

			best_candidate.CheckObsoleteness (rc, expr.Location);
		}

		public void SetBackingFieldAssigned (FlowAnalysisContext fc)
		{
			if (backing_field != null) {
				backing_field.SetFieldAssigned (fc);
				return;
			}

			if (!IsAutoPropertyAccess)
				return;

			var prop = best_candidate.MemberDefinition as Property;
			if (prop != null && prop.BackingField != null) {
				bool lvalue_instance = best_candidate.DeclaringType.IsStruct;
				if (lvalue_instance) {
					var var = InstanceExpression as IVariableReference;
					if (var != null && var.VariableInfo != null) {
						fc.SetStructFieldAssigned (var.VariableInfo, prop.BackingField.Name);
					}
				}
			}
		}

		public override void SetTypeArguments (ResolveContext ec, TypeArguments ta)
		{
			Error_TypeArgumentsCannotBeUsed (ec, "property", GetSignatureForError (), loc);
		}
	}

	abstract class PropertyOrIndexerExpr<T> : MemberExpr, IDynamicAssign where T : PropertySpec
	{
		// getter and setter can be different for base calls
		MethodSpec getter, setter;
		protected T best_candidate;

		protected LocalTemporary temp;
		protected bool emitting_compound_assignment;
		protected bool has_await_arguments;

		protected PropertyOrIndexerExpr (Location l)
		{
			loc = l;
		}

		#region Properties

		protected abstract Arguments Arguments { get; set; }

		public MethodSpec Getter {
			get {
				return getter;
			}
			set {
				getter = value;
			}
		}

		public MethodSpec Setter {
			get {
				return setter;
			}
			set {
				setter = value;
			}
		}

		#endregion

		protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext ec)
		{
			if (eclass == ExprClass.Unresolved) {
				ResolveConditionalAccessReceiver (ec);

				var expr = OverloadResolve (ec, null);
				if (expr == null)
					return null;

				if (expr != this) {
					using (ec.With (ResolveContext.Options.DontSetConditionalAccessReceiver, conditional_access_receiver))
						return expr.Resolve (ec);
				}

				if (conditional_access_receiver) {
					type = LiftMemberType (ec, type);
				}
			}

			if (!ResolveGetter (ec))
				return null;

			if (type.Kind == MemberKind.ByRef)
				return ByRefDereference.Create (this).Resolve (ec);

			return this;
		}

		public override Expression DoResolveLValue (ResolveContext rc, Expression right_side)
		{
			if (HasConditionalAccess ())
				Error_NullPropagatingLValue (rc);

			if (right_side == EmptyExpression.OutAccess) {
				if (OverloadResolve (rc, null) == null)
					return null;

				if (best_candidate?.MemberType.Kind == MemberKind.ByRef) {
					getter = CandidateToBaseOverride (rc, best_candidate.Get);
					return this;
				}

				// TODO: best_candidate can be null at this point
				INamedBlockVariable variable = null;
				if (best_candidate != null && rc.CurrentBlock.ParametersBlock.TopBlock.GetLocalName (best_candidate.Name, rc.CurrentBlock, ref variable) && variable is Linq.RangeVariable) {
					rc.Report.Error (1939, loc, "A range variable `{0}' may not be passes as `ref' or `out' parameter",
						best_candidate.Name);
				} else {
					right_side.DoResolveLValue (rc, this);
				}
				return null;
			}

			if (eclass == ExprClass.Unresolved) {
				var expr = OverloadResolve (rc, right_side);
				if (expr == null)
					return null;

				if (expr != this)
					return expr.ResolveLValue (rc, right_side);
			} else {
				ResolveInstanceExpression (rc, right_side);
			}

			if (!best_candidate.HasSet) {
				if (ResolveAutopropertyAssignment (rc, right_side))
					return this;

				if (best_candidate.MemberType.Kind == MemberKind.ByRef) {
					getter = CandidateToBaseOverride (rc, best_candidate.Get);
					return ByRefDereference.Create (this).Resolve (rc);
				}

				rc.Report.Error (200, loc, "Property or indexer `{0}' cannot be assigned to (it is read-only)",
					GetSignatureForError ());
				return null;
			}

			if (!best_candidate.Set.IsAccessible (rc) || !best_candidate.Set.DeclaringType.IsAccessible (rc)) {
				if (best_candidate.HasDifferentAccessibility) {
					rc.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (best_candidate.Set);
					rc.Report.Error (272, loc, "The property or indexer `{0}' cannot be used in this context because the set accessor is inaccessible",
						GetSignatureForError ());
				} else {
					rc.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (best_candidate.Set);
					ErrorIsInaccesible (rc, best_candidate.GetSignatureForError (), loc);
				}
			}

			if (best_candidate.HasDifferentAccessibility)
				CheckProtectedMemberAccess (rc, best_candidate.Set);

			setter = CandidateToBaseOverride (rc, best_candidate.Set);
			return this;
		}

		void EmitConditionalAccess (EmitContext ec, ref CallEmitter call, MethodSpec method, Arguments arguments)
		{
			var ca = ec.ConditionalAccess;
			ec.ConditionalAccess = new ConditionalAccessContext (type, ec.DefineLabel ());

			call.Emit (ec, method, arguments, loc);

			ec.CloseConditionalAccess (method.ReturnType != type && type.IsNullableType ? type : null);
			ec.ConditionalAccess = ca;
		}

		//
		// Implements the IAssignMethod interface for assignments
		//
		public virtual void Emit (EmitContext ec, bool leave_copy)
		{
			var call = new CallEmitter ();
			call.ConditionalAccess = ConditionalAccess;
			call.InstanceExpression = InstanceExpression;
			if (has_await_arguments)
				call.HasAwaitArguments = true;
			else
				call.DuplicateArguments = emitting_compound_assignment;

			if (conditional_access_receiver)
				EmitConditionalAccess (ec, ref call, Getter, Arguments);
			else
				call.Emit (ec, Getter, Arguments, loc);

			if (call.HasAwaitArguments) {
				InstanceExpression = call.InstanceExpression;
				Arguments = call.EmittedArguments;
				has_await_arguments = true;
			}

			if (leave_copy) {
				ec.Emit (OpCodes.Dup);
				temp = new LocalTemporary (Type);
				temp.Store (ec);
			}
		}

		public abstract void EmitAssign (EmitContext ec, Expression source, bool leave_copy, bool isCompound);

		public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
		{
			Emit (ec, false);
		}

		protected override FieldExpr EmitToFieldSource (EmitContext ec)
		{
			has_await_arguments = true;
			Emit (ec, false);
			return null;
		}

		public abstract SLE.Expression MakeAssignExpression (BuilderContext ctx, Expression source);

		protected abstract Expression OverloadResolve (ResolveContext rc, Expression right_side);

		bool ResolveGetter (ResolveContext rc)
		{
			if (!best_candidate.HasGet) {
				if (InstanceExpression != EmptyExpression.Null) {
					rc.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (best_candidate);
					rc.Report.Error (154, loc, "The property or indexer `{0}' cannot be used in this context because it lacks the `get' accessor",
						best_candidate.GetSignatureForError ());
					return false;
				}
			} else if (!best_candidate.Get.IsAccessible (rc) || !best_candidate.Get.DeclaringType.IsAccessible (rc)) {
				if (best_candidate.HasDifferentAccessibility) {
					rc.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (best_candidate.Get);
					rc.Report.Error (271, loc, "The property or indexer `{0}' cannot be used in this context because the get accessor is inaccessible",
						TypeManager.CSharpSignature (best_candidate));
				} else {
					rc.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (best_candidate.Get);
					ErrorIsInaccesible (rc, best_candidate.Get.GetSignatureForError (), loc);
				}
			}

			if (best_candidate.HasDifferentAccessibility) {
				CheckProtectedMemberAccess (rc, best_candidate.Get);
			}

			getter = CandidateToBaseOverride (rc, best_candidate.Get);
			return true;
		}

		protected virtual bool ResolveAutopropertyAssignment (ResolveContext rc, Expression rhs)
		{
			return false;
		}
	}

	/// <summary>
	///   Fully resolved expression that evaluates to an Event
	/// </summary>
	public class EventExpr : MemberExpr, IAssignMethod
	{
		readonly EventSpec spec;
		MethodSpec op;

		public EventExpr (EventSpec spec, Location loc)
		{
			this.spec = spec;
			this.loc = loc;
		}

		#region Properties

		protected override TypeSpec DeclaringType {
			get {
				return spec.DeclaringType;
			}
		}

		public override string Name {
			get {
				return spec.Name;
			}
		}

		public override bool IsInstance {
			get {
				return !spec.IsStatic;
			}
		}

		public override bool IsStatic {
			get {
				return spec.IsStatic;
			}
		}

		public override string KindName {
			get { return "event"; }
		}

		public MethodSpec Operator {
			get {
				return op;
			}
		}

		#endregion

		public override MemberExpr ResolveMemberAccess (ResolveContext ec, Expression left, SimpleName original)
		{
			//
			// If the event is local to this class and we are not lhs of +=/-= we transform ourselves into a FieldExpr
			//
			if (!ec.HasSet (ResolveContext.Options.CompoundAssignmentScope)) {
				if (spec.BackingField != null &&
					(spec.DeclaringType == ec.CurrentType || TypeManager.IsNestedChildOf (ec.CurrentType, spec.DeclaringType.MemberDefinition))) {

					spec.MemberDefinition.SetIsUsed ();

					spec.CheckObsoleteness (ec, loc);

					if ((spec.Modifiers & (Modifiers.ABSTRACT | Modifiers.EXTERN)) != 0)
						Error_AssignmentEventOnly (ec);

					FieldExpr ml = new FieldExpr (spec.BackingField, loc);

					InstanceExpression = null;

					return ml.ResolveMemberAccess (ec, left, original);
				}
			}

			return base.ResolveMemberAccess (ec, left, original);
		}

		public override Expression CreateExpressionTree (ResolveContext ec)
		{
			throw new NotSupportedException ("ET");
		}

		public override Expression DoResolveLValue (ResolveContext ec, Expression right_side)
		{
			if (right_side == EmptyExpression.EventAddition) {
				op = spec.AccessorAdd;
			} else if (right_side == EmptyExpression.EventSubtraction) {
				op = spec.AccessorRemove;
			}

			if (op == null) {
				Error_AssignmentEventOnly (ec);
				return null;
			}

			if (HasConditionalAccess ())
				Error_NullPropagatingLValue (ec);

			op = CandidateToBaseOverride (ec, op);
			return this;
		}

		protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext ec)
		{
			eclass = ExprClass.EventAccess;
			type = spec.MemberType;

			ResolveInstanceExpression (ec, null);

			if (!ec.HasSet (ResolveContext.Options.CompoundAssignmentScope)) {
				Error_AssignmentEventOnly (ec);
			}

			DoBestMemberChecks (ec, spec);
			return this;
		}		

		public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
		{
			throw new NotSupportedException ();
			//Error_CannotAssign ();
		}

		#region IAssignMethod Members

		public void Emit (EmitContext ec, bool leave_copy)
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}

		public void EmitAssign (EmitContext ec, Expression source, bool leave_copy, bool isCompound)
		{
			if (leave_copy || !isCompound)
				throw new NotImplementedException ("EventExpr::EmitAssign");

			Arguments args = new Arguments (1);
			args.Add (new Argument (source));

			// TODO: Wrong, needs receiver
//			if (NullShortCircuit) {
//				ec.ConditionalAccess = new ConditionalAccessContext (type, ec.DefineLabel ());
//			}

			var call = new CallEmitter ();
			call.InstanceExpression = InstanceExpression;
			call.ConditionalAccess = ConditionalAccess;
			call.EmitStatement (ec, op, args, loc);

//			if (NullShortCircuit)
//				ec.CloseConditionalAccess (null);
		}

		#endregion

		void Error_AssignmentEventOnly (ResolveContext ec)
		{
			if (spec.DeclaringType == ec.CurrentType || TypeManager.IsNestedChildOf (ec.CurrentType, spec.DeclaringType.MemberDefinition)) {
				ec.Report.Error (79, loc,
					"The event `{0}' can only appear on the left hand side of `+=' or `-=' operator",
					GetSignatureForError ());
			} else {
				ec.Report.Error (70, loc,
					"The event `{0}' can only appear on the left hand side of += or -= when used outside of the type `{1}'",
					GetSignatureForError (), spec.DeclaringType.GetSignatureForError ());
			}
		}

		protected override void Error_CannotCallAbstractBase (ResolveContext rc, string name)
		{
			name = name.Substring (0, name.LastIndexOf ('.'));
			base.Error_CannotCallAbstractBase (rc, name);
		}

		public override string GetSignatureForError ()
		{
			return TypeManager.CSharpSignature (spec);
		}

		public override void ResolveNameOf (ResolveContext rc, ATypeNameExpression expr)
		{
			spec.CheckObsoleteness (rc, expr.Location);
		}

		public override void SetTypeArguments (ResolveContext ec, TypeArguments ta)
		{
			Error_TypeArgumentsCannotBeUsed (ec, "event", GetSignatureForError (), loc);
		}
	}

	public class TemporaryVariableReference : VariableReference
	{
		public class Declarator : Statement
		{
			TemporaryVariableReference variable;

			public Declarator (TemporaryVariableReference variable)
			{
				this.variable = variable;
				loc = variable.loc;
			}

			protected override void DoEmit (EmitContext ec)
			{
				variable.li.CreateBuilder (ec);
			}

			public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
			{
				// Don't create sequence point
				DoEmit (ec);
			}

			protected override bool DoFlowAnalysis (FlowAnalysisContext fc)
			{
				return false;
			}

			protected override void CloneTo (CloneContext clonectx, Statement target)
			{
				// Nothing
			}
		}

		LocalVariable li;

		public TemporaryVariableReference (LocalVariable li, Location loc)
		{
			this.li = li;
			this.type = li.Type;
			this.loc = loc;
		}

		public override bool IsLockedByStatement {
			get {
				return false;
			}
			set {
			}
		}

		public LocalVariable LocalInfo {
		    get {
		        return li;
		    }
		}

		public static TemporaryVariableReference Create (TypeSpec type, Block block, Location loc, bool writeToSymbolFile = false)
		{
			var li = LocalVariable.CreateCompilerGenerated (type, block, loc, writeToSymbolFile);
			return new TemporaryVariableReference (li, loc);
		}

		protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext ec)
		{
			eclass = ExprClass.Variable;

			//
			// Don't capture temporary variables except when using
			// state machine redirection and block yields
			//
			if (ec.CurrentAnonymousMethod is StateMachineInitializer &&
				(ec.CurrentBlock.Explicit.HasYield || ec.CurrentBlock.Explicit.HasAwait) &&
				ec.IsVariableCapturingRequired) {
				AnonymousMethodStorey storey = li.Block.Explicit.CreateAnonymousMethodStorey (ec);
				storey.CaptureLocalVariable (ec, li);
			}

			return this;
		}

		public override Expression DoResolveLValue (ResolveContext ec, Expression right_side)
		{
			return Resolve (ec);
		}
		
		public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
		{
			li.CreateBuilder (ec);

			Emit (ec, false);
		}

		public void EmitAssign (EmitContext ec, Expression source)
		{
			li.CreateBuilder (ec);

			EmitAssign (ec, source, false, false);
		}

		public override HoistedVariable GetHoistedVariable (AnonymousExpression ae)
		{
			return li.HoistedVariant;
		}

		public override bool IsFixed {
			get { return true; }
		}

		public override bool IsRef {
			get { return false; }
		}

		public override string Name {
			get { throw new NotImplementedException (); }
		}

		public override void SetHasAddressTaken ()
		{
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}

		protected override ILocalVariable Variable {
			get { return li; }
		}

		public override VariableInfo VariableInfo {
			get { return null; }
		}
	}

	/// 
	/// Handles `var' contextual keyword; var becomes a keyword only
	/// if no type called var exists in a variable scope
	/// 
	class VarExpr : SimpleName
	{
		public VarExpr (Location loc)
			: base ("var", loc)
		{
		}

		public bool InferType (ResolveContext ec, Expression rhs)
		{
			if (type != null)
				throw new InternalErrorException ("An implicitly typed local variable could not be redefined");
			
			type = rhs.Type;

			if (type.Kind == MemberKind.Void || InternalType.HasNoType (type) || (rhs is TupleLiteral && TupleLiteral.ContainsNoTypeElement (type))) {
				ec.Report.Error (815, loc,
					"An implicitly typed local variable declaration cannot be initialized with `{0}'",
					type.GetSignatureForError ());
				type = InternalType.ErrorType;
				return false;
			}

			eclass = ExprClass.Variable;
			return true;
		}

		protected override void Error_TypeOrNamespaceNotFound (IMemberContext ec)
		{
			if (ec.Module.Compiler.Settings.Version < LanguageVersion.V_3)
				base.Error_TypeOrNamespaceNotFound (ec);
			else
				ec.Module.Compiler.Report.Error (825, loc, "The contextual keyword `var' may only appear within a local variable declaration");
		}
	}
}