bpf: propagate read/precision marks over state graph backedges

Current loop_entry-based exact states comparison logic does not handle
the following case:

 .-> A --.  Assume the states are visited in the order A, B, C.
 |   |   |  Assume that state B reaches a state equivalent to state A.
 |   v   v  At this point, state C is not processed yet, so state A
 '-- B   C  has not received any read or precision marks from C.
            As a result, these marks won't be propagated to B.

If B has incomplete marks, it is unsafe to use it in states_equal()
checks.

This commit replaces the existing logic with the following:
- Strongly connected components (SCCs) are computed over the program's
  control flow graph (intraprocedurally).
- When a verifier state enters an SCC, that state is recorded as the
  SCC entry point.
- When a verifier state is found equivalent to another (e.g., B to A
  in the example), it is recorded as a states graph backedge.
  Backedges are accumulated per SCC.
- When an SCC entry state reaches `branches == 0`, read and precision
  marks are propagated through the backedges (e.g., from A to B, from
  C to A, and then again from A to B).

To support nested subprogram calls, the entry state and backedge list
are associated not with the SCC itself but with an object called
`bpf_scc_callchain`. A callchain is a tuple `(callsite*, scc_id)`,
where `callsite` is the index of a call instruction for each frame
except the last.

See the comments added in `is_state_visited()` and
`compute_scc_callchain()` for more details.

Fixes: 2a0992829e ("bpf: correct loop detection for iterators convergence")
Signed-off-by: Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20250611200836.4135542-8-eddyz87@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>

include/linux/bpf_verifier.h

@@ -459,6 +459,10 @@ struct bpf_verifier_state {
 	 * See get_loop_entry() for more information.
 	 */
 	struct bpf_verifier_state *loop_entry;
+	/* if this state is a backedge state then equal_state
+	 * records cached state to which this state is equal.
+	 */
+	struct bpf_verifier_state *equal_state;
 	/* jmp history recorded from first to last.
 	 * backtracking is using it to go from last to first.
 	 * For most states jmp_history_cnt is [0-3].
@@ -723,6 +727,37 @@ struct bpf_idset {
 	u32 ids[BPF_ID_MAP_SIZE];
 };
 
+/* see verifier.c:compute_scc_callchain() */
+struct bpf_scc_callchain {
+	/* call sites from bpf_verifier_state->frame[*]->callsite leading to this SCC */
+	u32 callsites[MAX_CALL_FRAMES - 1];
+	/* last frame in a chain is identified by SCC id */
+	u32 scc;
+};
+
+/* verifier state waiting for propagate_backedges() */
+struct bpf_scc_backedge {
+	struct bpf_scc_backedge *next;
+	struct bpf_verifier_state state;
+};
+
+struct bpf_scc_visit {
+	struct bpf_scc_callchain callchain;
+	/* first state in current verification path that entered SCC
+	 * identified by the callchain
+	 */
+	struct bpf_verifier_state *entry_state;
+	struct bpf_scc_backedge *backedges; /* list of backedges */
+};
+
+/* An array of bpf_scc_visit structs sharing tht same bpf_scc_callchain->scc
+ * but having different bpf_scc_callchain->callsites.
+ */
+struct bpf_scc_info {
+	u32 num_visits;
+	struct bpf_scc_visit visits[];
+};
+
 /* single container for all structs
  * one verifier_env per bpf_check() call
  */
@@ -819,6 +854,9 @@ struct bpf_verifier_env {
 	char tmp_str_buf[TMP_STR_BUF_LEN];
 	struct bpf_insn insn_buf[INSN_BUF_SIZE];
 	struct bpf_insn epilogue_buf[INSN_BUF_SIZE];
+	/* array of pointers to bpf_scc_info indexed by SCC id */
+	struct bpf_scc_info **scc_info;
+	u32 scc_cnt;
 };
 
 static inline struct bpf_func_info_aux *subprog_aux(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int subprog)