Many architectural features have over time moved from being optional to
either be required or removed by newer architecture releases. This means
that in many cases we can know at compile time whether a feature will be
supported or not purely due to the knowledge we have about the ISA the
kernel build is targeting.
This patch introduces a bunch of utility macros for checking for
supported options, ASEs & combinations of those with ISA revisions. It
then makes use of these in the default definitions of cpu_has_* macros.
The result is that many of the macros become compile-time constant,
allowing more optimisation opportunities for the compiler - particularly
with kernels built for later ISA revisions.
To demonstrate the effect of this patch, the following table shows the
size in bytes of the kernel binary as reported by scripts/bloat-o-meter
for v4.12-rc4 maltasmvp_defconfig kernels with & without this patch. A
variant of maltasmvp_defconfig with CONFIG_CPU_MIPS32_R6 selected is
also shown, to demonstrate that MIPSr6 systems benefit more due to extra
features becoming required by that architecture revision. Builds of
pistachio_defconfig are also shown, as although this is a MIPSr2
platform it doesn't hardcode any features in a machine-specific
cpu-feature-overrides.h, which allows it to gain more from this patch
than the equivalent Malta r2 build.
Config | Before | After | Change
----------------|---------|---------|---------
maltasmvp | 7248316 | 7247714 | -602
maltasmvp + r6 | 6955595 | 6950777 | -4818
pistachio | 8650977 | 8363898 | -287079
Signed-off-by: Paul Burton <paul.burton@mips.com>
Patchwork: https://patchwork.linux-mips.org/patch/16360/
Cc: Joshua Kinard <kumba@gentoo.org>
Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org
Identify the presence of the MIPS16e2 ASE as per the architecture
specification[1], by checking for CP0 Config5.CA2 bit being 1[2].
References:
[1] "MIPS32 Architecture for Programmers: MIPS16e2 Application-Specific
Extension Technical Reference Manual", Imagination Technologies
Ltd., Document Number: MD01172, Revision 01.00, April 26, 2016,
Section 1.2 "Software Detection of the ASE", p. 5
[2] "MIPS32 interAptiv Multiprocessing System Software User's Manual",
Imagination Technologies Ltd., Document Number: MD00904, Revision
02.01, June 15, 2016, Section 2.2.1.6 "Device Configuration 5 --
Config5 (CP0 Register 16, Select 5)", pp. 71-72
Signed-off-by: Maciej W. Rozycki <macro@imgtec.com>
Reviewed-by: James Hogan <james.hogan@imgtec.com>
Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org
Patchwork: https://patchwork.linux-mips.org/patch/16094/
Signed-off-by: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Some systems share FTLB RAMs or entries between sibling CPUs (ie.
hardware threads, or VP(E)s, within a core). These properties require
kernel handling in various places. As a start this patch introduces
cpu_has_shared_ftlb_ram & cpu_has_shared_ftlb_entries feature macros
which we set appropriately for I6400 & I6500 CPUs. Further patches will
make use of these macros as appropriate.
Signed-off-by: Paul Burton <paul.burton@imgtec.com>
Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org
Patchwork: https://patchwork.linux-mips.org/patch/16202/
Signed-off-by: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Add definitions and probing of the UFR bit in Config5. This bit allows
user mode control of the FR bit (floating point register mode). It is
present if the UFRP bit is set in the floating point implementation
register.
This is a capability KVM may want to expose to guest kernels, even
though Linux is unlikely to ever use it due to the implications for
multi-threaded programs.
Signed-off-by: James Hogan <james.hogan@imgtec.com>
Acked-by: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Cc: Paul Burton <paul.burton@imgtec.com>
Cc: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
Cc: "Radim Krčmář" <rkrcmar@redhat.com>
Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org
Cc: kvm@vger.kernel.org
The binary GCD algorithm is based on the following facts:
1. If a and b are all evens, then gcd(a,b) = 2 * gcd(a/2, b/2)
2. If a is even and b is odd, then gcd(a,b) = gcd(a/2, b)
3. If a and b are all odds, then gcd(a,b) = gcd((a-b)/2, b) = gcd((a+b)/2, b)
Even on x86 machines with reasonable division hardware, the binary
algorithm runs about 25% faster (80% the execution time) than the
division-based Euclidian algorithm.
On platforms like Alpha and ARMv6 where division is a function call to
emulation code, it's even more significant.
There are two variants of the code here, depending on whether a fast
__ffs (find least significant set bit) instruction is available. This
allows the unpredictable branches in the bit-at-a-time shifting loop to
be eliminated.
If fast __ffs is not available, the "even/odd" GCD variant is used.
I use the following code to benchmark:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#define swap(a, b) \
do { \
a ^= b; \
b ^= a; \
a ^= b; \
} while (0)
unsigned long gcd0(unsigned long a, unsigned long b)
{
unsigned long r;
if (a < b) {
swap(a, b);
}
if (b == 0)
return a;
while ((r = a % b) != 0) {
a = b;
b = r;
}
return b;
}
unsigned long gcd1(unsigned long a, unsigned long b)
{
unsigned long r = a | b;
if (!a || !b)
return r;
b >>= __builtin_ctzl(b);
for (;;) {
a >>= __builtin_ctzl(a);
if (a == b)
return a << __builtin_ctzl(r);
if (a < b)
swap(a, b);
a -= b;
}
}
unsigned long gcd2(unsigned long a, unsigned long b)
{
unsigned long r = a | b;
if (!a || !b)
return r;
r &= -r;
while (!(b & r))
b >>= 1;
for (;;) {
while (!(a & r))
a >>= 1;
if (a == b)
return a;
if (a < b)
swap(a, b);
a -= b;
a >>= 1;
if (a & r)
a += b;
a >>= 1;
}
}
unsigned long gcd3(unsigned long a, unsigned long b)
{
unsigned long r = a | b;
if (!a || !b)
return r;
b >>= __builtin_ctzl(b);
if (b == 1)
return r & -r;
for (;;) {
a >>= __builtin_ctzl(a);
if (a == 1)
return r & -r;
if (a == b)
return a << __builtin_ctzl(r);
if (a < b)
swap(a, b);
a -= b;
}
}
unsigned long gcd4(unsigned long a, unsigned long b)
{
unsigned long r = a | b;
if (!a || !b)
return r;
r &= -r;
while (!(b & r))
b >>= 1;
if (b == r)
return r;
for (;;) {
while (!(a & r))
a >>= 1;
if (a == r)
return r;
if (a == b)
return a;
if (a < b)
swap(a, b);
a -= b;
a >>= 1;
if (a & r)
a += b;
a >>= 1;
}
}
static unsigned long (*gcd_func[])(unsigned long a, unsigned long b) = {
gcd0, gcd1, gcd2, gcd3, gcd4,
};
#define TEST_ENTRIES (sizeof(gcd_func) / sizeof(gcd_func[0]))
#if defined(__x86_64__)
#define rdtscll(val) do { \
unsigned long __a,__d; \
__asm__ __volatile__("rdtsc" : "=a" (__a), "=d" (__d)); \
(val) = ((unsigned long long)__a) | (((unsigned long long)__d)<<32); \
} while(0)
static unsigned long long benchmark_gcd_func(unsigned long (*gcd)(unsigned long, unsigned long),
unsigned long a, unsigned long b, unsigned long *res)
{
unsigned long long start, end;
unsigned long long ret;
unsigned long gcd_res;
rdtscll(start);
gcd_res = gcd(a, b);
rdtscll(end);
if (end >= start)
ret = end - start;
else
ret = ~0ULL - start + 1 + end;
*res = gcd_res;
return ret;
}
#else
static inline struct timespec read_time(void)
{
struct timespec time;
clock_gettime(CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID, &time);
return time;
}
static inline unsigned long long diff_time(struct timespec start, struct timespec end)
{
struct timespec temp;
if ((end.tv_nsec - start.tv_nsec) < 0) {
temp.tv_sec = end.tv_sec - start.tv_sec - 1;
temp.tv_nsec = 1000000000ULL + end.tv_nsec - start.tv_nsec;
} else {
temp.tv_sec = end.tv_sec - start.tv_sec;
temp.tv_nsec = end.tv_nsec - start.tv_nsec;
}
return temp.tv_sec * 1000000000ULL + temp.tv_nsec;
}
static unsigned long long benchmark_gcd_func(unsigned long (*gcd)(unsigned long, unsigned long),
unsigned long a, unsigned long b, unsigned long *res)
{
struct timespec start, end;
unsigned long gcd_res;
start = read_time();
gcd_res = gcd(a, b);
end = read_time();
*res = gcd_res;
return diff_time(start, end);
}
#endif
static inline unsigned long get_rand()
{
if (sizeof(long) == 8)
return (unsigned long)rand() << 32 | rand();
else
return rand();
}
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
unsigned int seed = time(0);
int loops = 100;
int repeats = 1000;
unsigned long (*res)[TEST_ENTRIES];
unsigned long long elapsed[TEST_ENTRIES];
int i, j, k;
for (;;) {
int opt = getopt(argc, argv, "n:r:s:");
/* End condition always first */
if (opt == -1)
break;
switch (opt) {
case 'n':
loops = atoi(optarg);
break;
case 'r':
repeats = atoi(optarg);
break;
case 's':
seed = strtoul(optarg, NULL, 10);
break;
default:
/* You won't actually get here. */
break;
}
}
res = malloc(sizeof(unsigned long) * TEST_ENTRIES * loops);
memset(elapsed, 0, sizeof(elapsed));
srand(seed);
for (j = 0; j < loops; j++) {
unsigned long a = get_rand();
/* Do we have args? */
unsigned long b = argc > optind ? strtoul(argv[optind], NULL, 10) : get_rand();
unsigned long long min_elapsed[TEST_ENTRIES];
for (k = 0; k < repeats; k++) {
for (i = 0; i < TEST_ENTRIES; i++) {
unsigned long long tmp = benchmark_gcd_func(gcd_func[i], a, b, &res[j][i]);
if (k == 0 || min_elapsed[i] > tmp)
min_elapsed[i] = tmp;
}
}
for (i = 0; i < TEST_ENTRIES; i++)
elapsed[i] += min_elapsed[i];
}
for (i = 0; i < TEST_ENTRIES; i++)
printf("gcd%d: elapsed %llu\n", i, elapsed[i]);
k = 0;
srand(seed);
for (j = 0; j < loops; j++) {
unsigned long a = get_rand();
unsigned long b = argc > optind ? strtoul(argv[optind], NULL, 10) : get_rand();
for (i = 1; i < TEST_ENTRIES; i++) {
if (res[j][i] != res[j][0])
break;
}
if (i < TEST_ENTRIES) {
if (k == 0) {
k = 1;
fprintf(stderr, "Error:\n");
}
fprintf(stderr, "gcd(%lu, %lu): ", a, b);
for (i = 0; i < TEST_ENTRIES; i++)
fprintf(stderr, "%ld%s", res[j][i], i < TEST_ENTRIES - 1 ? ", " : "\n");
}
}
if (k == 0)
fprintf(stderr, "PASS\n");
free(res);
return 0;
}
Compiled with "-O2", on "VirtualBox 4.4.0-22-generic #38-Ubuntu x86_64" got:
zhaoxiuzeng@zhaoxiuzeng-VirtualBox:~/develop$ ./gcd -r 500000 -n 10
gcd0: elapsed 10174
gcd1: elapsed 2120
gcd2: elapsed 2902
gcd3: elapsed 2039
gcd4: elapsed 2812
PASS
zhaoxiuzeng@zhaoxiuzeng-VirtualBox:~/develop$ ./gcd -r 500000 -n 10
gcd0: elapsed 9309
gcd1: elapsed 2280
gcd2: elapsed 2822
gcd3: elapsed 2217
gcd4: elapsed 2710
PASS
zhaoxiuzeng@zhaoxiuzeng-VirtualBox:~/develop$ ./gcd -r 500000 -n 10
gcd0: elapsed 9589
gcd1: elapsed 2098
gcd2: elapsed 2815
gcd3: elapsed 2030
gcd4: elapsed 2718
PASS
zhaoxiuzeng@zhaoxiuzeng-VirtualBox:~/develop$ ./gcd -r 500000 -n 10
gcd0: elapsed 9914
gcd1: elapsed 2309
gcd2: elapsed 2779
gcd3: elapsed 2228
gcd4: elapsed 2709
PASS
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: avoid #defining a CONFIG_ variable]
Signed-off-by: Zhaoxiu Zeng <zhaoxiu.zeng@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: George Spelvin <linux@horizon.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add a few new cpu-features.h definitions for VZ sub-features, namely the
existence of the CP0_GuestCtl0Ext, CP0_GuestCtl1, and CP0_GuestCtl2
registers, and support for GuestID to dialias TLB entries belonging to
different guests.
Also add certain features present in the guest, with the naming scheme
cpu_guest_has_*. These are added separately to the main options bitfield
since they generally parallel similar features in the root context. A
few of these (FPU, MSA, watchpoints, perf counters, CP0_[X]ContextConfig
registers, MAAR registers, and probably others in future) can be
dynamically configured in the guest context, for which the
cpu_guest_has_dyn_* macros are added.
[ralf@linux-mips.org: Resolve merge conflict.]
Signed-off-by: James Hogan <james.hogan@imgtec.com>
Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org
Patchwork: https://patchwork.linux-mips.org/patch/13231/
Signed-off-by: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Add CPU feature for standard MIPS r2 performance counters, as determined
by the Config1.PC bit. Both perf_events and oprofile probe this bit, so
lets combine the probing and change both to use cpu_has_perf.
This will also be used for VZ support in KVM to know whether performance
counters exist which can be exposed to guests.
[ralf@linux-mips.org: resolve conflict.]
Signed-off-by: James Hogan <james.hogan@imgtec.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@kernel.org>
Cc: Alexander Shishkin <alexander.shishkin@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Robert Richter <rric@kernel.org>
Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org
Cc: oprofile-list@lists.sf.net
Patchwork: https://patchwork.linux-mips.org/patch/13226/
Signed-off-by: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
The CP0_[X]ContextConfig registers are present if CP0_Config3.CTXTC or
CP0_Config3.SM are set, and provide more control over which bits of
CP0_[X]Context are set to the faulting virtual address on a TLB
exception.
KVM/VZ will need to be able to save and restore these registers in the
guest context, so add the relevant definitions and probing of the
ContextConfig feature in the root context first.
[ralf@linux-mips.org: resolve merge conflict.]
Signed-off-by: James Hogan <james.hogan@imgtec.com>
Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org
Patchwork: https://patchwork.linux-mips.org/patch/13225/
Signed-off-by: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
The optional CP0_BadInstr and CP0_BadInstrP registers are written with
the encoding of the instruction that caused a synchronous exception to
occur, and the prior branch instruction if in a delay slot.
These will be useful for instruction emulation in KVM, and especially
for VZ support where reading guest virtual memory is a bit more awkward.
Add CPU option numbers and cpu_has_* definitions to indicate the
presence of each registers, and add code to probe for them using bits in
the CP0_Config3 register.
[ralf@linux-mips.org: resolve merge conflict.]
Signed-off-by: James Hogan <james.hogan@imgtec.com>
Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org
Patchwork: https://patchwork.linux-mips.org/patch/13224/
Signed-off-by: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
The CP0_EBase register may optionally have a write gate (WG) bit to
allow the upper bits to be written, i.e. bits 31:30 on MIPS32 since r3
(to allow for an exception base outside of KSeg0/KSeg1 when segmentation
control is in use) and bits 63:30 on MIPS64 (which also implies the
extension of CP0_EBase to 64 bits long).
The presence of this feature will need to be known about for VZ support
in order to correctly save and restore all the bits of the guest
CP0_EBase register, so add CPU feature definition and probing for this
feature.
Probing the WG bit on MIPS64 can be a bit fiddly, since 64-bit COP0
register access instructions were UNDEFINED for 32-bit registers prior
to MIPS r6, and it'd be nice to be able to probe without clobbering the
existing state, so there are 3 potential paths:
- If we do a 32-bit read of CP0_EBase and the WG bit is already set, the
register must be 64-bit.
- On MIPS r6 we can do a 64-bit read-modify-write to set CP0_EBase.WG,
since the upper bits will read 0 and be ignored on write if the
register is 32-bit.
- On pre-r6 cores, we do a 32-bit read-modify-write of CP0_EBase. This
avoids the potentially UNDEFINED behaviour, but will clobber the upper
32-bits of CP0_EBase if it isn't a simple sign extension (which also
requires us to ensure BEV=1 or modifying the exception base would be
UNDEFINED too). It is hopefully unlikely a bootloader would set up
CP0_EBase to a 64-bit segment and leave WG=0.
[ralf@linux-mips.org: Resolved merge conflict.]
Signed-off-by: James Hogan <james.hogan@imgtec.com>
Tested-by: Matt Redfearn <matt.redfearn@imgtec.com>
Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org
Patchwork: https://patchwork.linux-mips.org/patch/13223/
Signed-off-by: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
XPA (eXtended Physical Addressing) should be detected as a combination
of two architectural features:
- Large Physical Address (as per Config3.LPA). With XPA this will be set
on MIPS32r5 cores, but it may also be set for MIPS64r2 cores too.
- MTHC0/MFHC0 instructions (as per Config5.MVH). With XPA this will be
set, but it may also be set in VZ guest context even when Config3.LPA
in the guest context has been cleared by the hypervisor.
As such, XPA is only usable if both bits are set. Update CPU features to
separate these two features, with cpu_has_xpa requiring both to be set.
Signed-off-by: James Hogan <james.hogan@imgtec.com>
Cc: Paul Burton <paul.burton@imgtec.com>
Cc: Maciej W. Rozycki <macro@imgtec.com>
Cc: Joshua Kinard <kumba@gentoo.org>
Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Patchwork: https://patchwork.linux-mips.org/patch/13112/
Signed-off-by: Paul Burton <paul.burton@imgtec.com>
Signed-off-by: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Loongson-3A R2 has pwbase/pwfield/pwsize/pwctl registers in CP0 (this
is very similar to HTW) and lwdir/lwpte/lddir/ldpte instructions which
can be used for fast TLB refill.
[ralf@linux-mips.org: Resolve conflict.]
Signed-off-by: Huacai Chen <chenhc@lemote.com>
Cc: Aurelien Jarno <aurelien@aurel32.net>
Cc: Steven J . Hill <sjhill@realitydiluted.com>
Cc: Fuxin Zhang <zhangfx@lemote.com>
Cc: Zhangjin Wu <wuzhangjin@gmail.com>
Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org
Patchwork: https://patchwork.linux-mips.org/patch/12754/
Signed-off-by: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Commit a68d09a156 ("MIPS: Don't use RI/XI with 32-bit kernels on
64-bit CPUs") prevented use of RIXI on MIPS64 systems, stating that the
"TLB handlers cannot handle this case". What they actually couldn't
handle was cases where there were less fill bits in the Entry{Lo,Hi}
registers than bits used by software in PTEs. The handlers can now deal
with this case, so enable RIXI for MIPS32 kernels on MIPS64 systems.
Note that beyond the obvious benefits provided by having RIXI on such
systems, this is required for systems implementing MIPSr6 where RIXI
cannot be disabled.
This reverts commit a68d09a156 ("MIPS: Don't use RI/XI with 32-bit
kernels on 64-bit CPUs").
Signed-off-by: Paul Burton <paul.burton@imgtec.com>
Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org
Cc: Joshua Kinard <kumba@gentoo.org>
Cc: Leonid Yegoshin <Leonid.Yegoshin@imgtec.com>
Cc: Maciej W. Rozycki <macro@linux-mips.org>
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Cc: James Hogan <james.hogan@imgtec.com>
Cc: Markos Chandras <markos.chandras@imgtec.com>
Patchwork: https://patchwork.linux-mips.org/patch/11219/
Signed-off-by: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Add cpu_has_ftlb, which specifies that an FTLB is present in addition to
the VTLB, probed based on whether Config.MT == 4 (rather than 1 for
standard JTLB).
This is necessary since MIPS release 6 removes Config4.MMUExtDef, so the
presence of the FTLB fields in Config4 must be determined from Config.MT
instead.
Signed-off-by: James Hogan <james.hogan@imgtec.com>
Cc: Markos Chandras <markos.chandras@imgtec.com>
Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org
Patchwork: https://patchwork.linux-mips.org/patch/11159/
Signed-off-by: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
The R12000 added a new feature to enhance branch prediction called
"global history". Per the Vr10000 Series User Manual (U10278EJ4V0UM),
Coprocessor 0, Diagnostic Register (22):
"""
If bit 26 is set, branch prediction uses all eight bits of the global
history register. If bit 26 is not set, then bits 25:23 specify a count
of the number of bits of global history to be used. Thus if bits 26:23
are all zero, global history is disabled.
The global history contains a record of the taken/not-taken status of
recently executed branches, and when used is XOR'ed with the PC of a
branch being predicted to produce a hashed value for indexing the BPT.
Some programs with small "working set of conditional branches" benefit
significantly from the use of such hashing, some see slight performance
degradation.
"""
This patch enables global history on R12000 CPUs and up by setting bit
26 in the branch prediction diagnostic register (CP0 $22) to '1'. Bits
25:23 are left alone so that all eight bits of the global history
register are available for branch prediction.
Signed-off-by: Joshua Kinard <kumba@gentoo.org>
Signed-off-by: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Paul Burton
Matt Redfearn
Matt Redfearn
Maciej W. Rozycki
Paul Burton
James Hogan
Zhaoxiu Zeng
Huacai Chen
Zubair Lutfullah Kakakhel
Joshua Kinard
Ralf Baechle