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<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
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<refentry id="kernel-command-line" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">

  <refentryinfo>
    <title>kernel-command-line</title>
    <productname>systemd</productname>
  </refentryinfo>

  <refmeta>
    <refentrytitle>kernel-command-line</refentrytitle>
    <manvolnum>7</manvolnum>
  </refmeta>

  <refnamediv>
    <refname>kernel-command-line</refname>
    <refpurpose>Kernel command line parameters</refpurpose>
  </refnamediv>

  <refsynopsisdiv>
    <para><filename>/proc/cmdline</filename></para>
  </refsynopsisdiv>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Description</title>

    <para>The kernel, the programs running in the initrd and in the host system may be configured at boot via
    kernel command line arguments. In addition, various systemd tools look at the EFI variable
    <literal>SystemdOptions</literal> (if available). Both sources are combined, but the kernel command line
    has higher priority. Please note that <emphasis>the EFI variable is only used by systemd tools, and is
    ignored by the kernel and other user space tools</emphasis>, so it is not a replacement for the kernel
    command line.</para>

    <para>For command line parameters understood by the kernel, please
    see
    <ulink url="https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.html"><filename>kernel-parameters.html</filename></ulink>
    and
    <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>bootparam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>

    <para>For command line parameters understood by the initrd, see the documentation of the specific initrd
    implementation of your installation.</para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Core OS Command Line Arguments</title>

    <variablelist class='kernel-commandline-options'>
      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>systemd.unit=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>rd.systemd.unit=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>systemd.dump_core</varname></term>
        <term><varname>systemd.crash_chvt</varname></term>
        <term><varname>systemd.crash_shell</varname></term>
        <term><varname>systemd.crash_action=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>systemd.confirm_spawn</varname></term>
        <term><varname>systemd.service_watchdogs</varname></term>
        <term><varname>systemd.show_status</varname></term>
        <term><varname>systemd.status_unit_format=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>systemd.log_target=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>systemd.log_level=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>systemd.log_location=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>systemd.log_color</varname></term>
        <term><varname>systemd.log_ratelimit_kmsg</varname></term>
        <term><varname>systemd.default_standard_output=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>systemd.default_standard_error=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>systemd.setenv=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>systemd.machine_id=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>systemd.set_credential=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>systemd.set_credential_binary=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>systemd.import_credentials=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>systemd.reload_limit_interval_sec=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>systemd.reload_limit_burst=</varname></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Parameters understood by the system and service
          manager to control system behavior. For details, see
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>

          <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v186"/>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>systemd.mask=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>systemd.wants=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>systemd.debug_shell</varname></term>
        <term><varname>systemd.default_debug_tty=</varname></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Additional parameters understood by
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-debug-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
          to mask or start specific units at boot, or invoke a debug
          shell on tty9.</para>

          <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v215"/>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>systemd.run=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>systemd.run_success_action=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>systemd.run_failure_action=</varname></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Additional parameters understood by
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-run-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, to
          run a command line specified on the kernel command line as system service after booting up.</para>

          <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v240"/>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>systemd.early_core_pattern=</varname></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>During early boot, the generation of core dump files is disabled until a core dump handler (if any)
          takes over. This parameter allows specifying an absolute path where core dump files should be stored until
          a handler is installed. The path should be absolute and may contain specifiers, see
          <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>core</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for details.</para>

          <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v240"/>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>systemd.restore_state=</varname></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>This parameter is understood by several system tools
          to control whether or not they should restore system state
          from the previous boot. For details, see
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-backlight@.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
          and
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-rfkill.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
          </para>

          <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v209"/>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>systemd.ssh_auto=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>systemd.ssh_listen=</varname></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>These parameters are interpreted by
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-ssh-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
          and may be used to control SSH sockets the system shall be reachable on.</para>

          <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>systemd.volatile=</varname></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>This parameter controls whether the system shall boot up in volatile mode. Takes a boolean argument, or
          the special value <literal>state</literal>. If false (the default), normal boot mode is selected, the root
          directory and <filename>/var/</filename> are mounted as specified on the kernel command line or
          <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>, or otherwise configured. If true, full state-less boot mode is selected. In
          this case the root directory is mounted as volatile memory file system (<literal>tmpfs</literal>), and only
          <filename>/usr/</filename> is mounted from the file system configured as root device, in read-only mode. This
          enables fully state-less boots were the vendor-supplied OS is used as shipped, with only default
          configuration and no stored state in effect, as <filename>/etc/</filename> and <filename>/var/</filename> (as
          well as all other resources shipped in the root file system) are reset at boot and lost on shutdown. If this
          setting is set to <literal>state</literal> the root file system is mounted read-only, however
          <filename>/var/</filename> is mounted as a volatile memory file system (<literal>tmpfs</literal>), so that the
          system boots up with the normal configuration applied, but all state reset at boot and lost at shutdown. If
          this setting is set to <literal>overlay</literal> the root file system is set up as
          <literal>overlayfs</literal> mount combining the read-only root directory with a writable
          <literal>tmpfs</literal>, so that no modifications are made to disk, but the file system may be modified
          nonetheless with all changes being lost at reboot. For details, see
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-volatile-root.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
          and
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-fstab-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>

          <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v233"/>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>quiet</varname></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Parameter understood by both the kernel and the system
          and service manager to control console log verbosity. For
          details, see
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>

          <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v186"/>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>debug</varname></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Parameter understood by both the kernel and the system
          and service manager to control console log verbosity. For
          details, see
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>

          <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v205"/>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>-b</varname></term>
        <term><varname>rd.emergency</varname></term>
        <term><varname>emergency</varname></term>
        <term><varname>rd.rescue</varname></term>
        <term><varname>rescue</varname></term>
        <term><varname>single</varname></term>
        <term><varname>s</varname></term>
        <term><varname>S</varname></term>
        <term><varname>1</varname></term>
        <term><varname>2</varname></term>
        <term><varname>3</varname></term>
        <term><varname>4</varname></term>
        <term><varname>5</varname></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Parameters understood by the system and service
          manager, as compatibility and convenience options. For details, see
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>

          <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v186"/>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>locale.LANG=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>locale.LANGUAGE=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>locale.LC_CTYPE=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>locale.LC_NUMERIC=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>locale.LC_TIME=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>locale.LC_COLLATE=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>locale.LC_MONETARY=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>locale.LC_MESSAGES=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>locale.LC_PAPER=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>locale.LC_NAME=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>locale.LC_ADDRESS=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>locale.LC_TELEPHONE=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>locale.LC_MEASUREMENT=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>locale.LC_IDENTIFICATION=</varname></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Parameters understood by the system and service
          manager to control locale and language settings. For
          details, see
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>

          <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v186"/>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>fsck.mode=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>fsck.repair=</varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Parameters understood by the file system checker
          services. For details, see
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-fsck@.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>

          <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v186"/>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>quotacheck.mode=</varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Parameter understood by the file quota checker
          service. For details, see
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-quotacheck.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>

          <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v186"/>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>systemd.journald.forward_to_syslog=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>systemd.journald.forward_to_kmsg=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>systemd.journald.forward_to_console=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>systemd.journald.forward_to_wall=</varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Parameters understood by the journal service. For
          details, see
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-journald.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>

          <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v186"/>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>vconsole.keymap=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>vconsole.keymap_toggle=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>vconsole.font=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>vconsole.font_map=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>vconsole.font_unimap=</varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Parameters understood by the virtual console setup logic. For details, see
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vconsole.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>

          <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v186"/>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>udev.log_level=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>rd.udev.log_level=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>udev.children_max=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>rd.udev.children_max=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>udev.exec_delay=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>rd.udev.exec_delay=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>udev.event_timeout=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>rd.udev.event_timeout=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>udev.timeout_signal=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>rd.udev.timeout_signal=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>udev.blockdev_read_only</varname></term>
        <term><varname>rd.udev.blockdev_read_only</varname></term>
        <term><varname>net.ifnames=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>net.naming_scheme=</varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Parameters understood by the device event managing
          daemon. For details, see
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-udevd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>

          <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v186"/>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>plymouth.enable=</varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>May be used to disable the Plymouth boot splash. For
          details, see
          <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>plymouth</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>

          <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v186"/>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>luks=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>rd.luks=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>luks.crypttab=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>rd.luks.crypttab=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>luks.name=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>rd.luks.name=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>luks.uuid=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>rd.luks.uuid=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>luks.options=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>rd.luks.options=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>luks.key=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>rd.luks.key=</varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Configures the LUKS full-disk encryption logic at
          boot. For details, see
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-cryptsetup-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>

          <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v186"/>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>fstab=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>rd.fstab=</varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Configures the <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> logic
          at boot. For details, see
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-fstab-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v186"/>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>root=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>rootfstype=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>rootflags=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>ro</varname></term>
        <term><varname>rw</varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Configures the root file system and its file system type and mount options, as well as
          whether it shall be mounted read-only or read-write initially. For details, see
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-fstab-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>

          <para>If <varname>root=</varname> is not set (or set to <literal>gpt-auto</literal>) the automatic
          root partition discovery implemented by
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-gpt-auto-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
          will be in effect. In this case <varname>rootfstype=</varname>, <varname>rootflags=</varname>,
          <varname>ro</varname>, <varname>rw</varname> will be interpreted by
          <command>systemd-gpt-auto-generator</command>.</para>

          <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v215"/>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>mount.usr=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>mount.usrfstype=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>mount.usrflags=</varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Configures the /usr file system (if required) and
          its file system type and mount options. For details, see
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-fstab-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>

          <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v235"/>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>veritytab=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>rd.veritytab=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>roothash=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>systemd.verity=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>rd.systemd.verity=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>systemd.verity_root_data=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>systemd.verity_root_hash=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>systemd.verity.root_options=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>usrhash=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>systemd.verity_usr_data=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>systemd.verity_usr_hash=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>systemd.verity_usr_options=</varname></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Configures the integrity protection root hash for the root and <filename>/usr</filename> file systems, and other related
          parameters. For details, see
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-veritysetup-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v233"/>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>systemd.getty_auto=</varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Configures whether the <filename>serial-getty@.service</filename> will run.
          For details, see
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-getty-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v250"/>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>systemd.gpt_auto=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>rd.systemd.gpt_auto=</varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Configures whether GPT-based partition auto-discovery shall be attempted. For details, see
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-gpt-auto-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>

          <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v215"/>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>systemd.image_policy=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>rd.systemd.image_policy=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>When GPT-based partition auto-discovery is used, configures the image dissection
        policy string to apply, as per
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.image-policy</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>. For
        details see
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-gpt-auto-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v254"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>systemd.default_timeout_start_sec=</varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Overrides the default start job timeout <varname>DefaultTimeoutStartSec=</varname> at
          boot. For details, see
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v230"/>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>systemd.default_device_timeout_sec=</varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Overrides the default device timeout <varname>DefaultDeviceTimeoutSec=</varname> at boot. For
          details, see
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v254"/>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>systemd.watchdog_device=</varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Overrides the watchdog device path <varname>WatchdogDevice=</varname>. For details, see
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v236"/>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>systemd.watchdog_sec=</varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Overrides the watchdog timeout settings otherwise configured with
          <varname>RuntimeWatchdog=</varname>, <varname>RebootWatchdog=</varname> and
          <varname>KExecWatchdogSec=</varname>. Takes a time value (if no unit is specified, seconds is the
          implicitly assumed time unit) or the special strings <literal>off</literal> or
          <literal>default</literal>. For details, see
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>

          <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v250"/>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>systemd.watchdog_pre_sec=</varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Overrides the watchdog pre-timeout settings otherwise configured with
          <varname>RuntimeWatchdogPreSec=</varname>. Takes a time value (if no unit is specified, seconds is the
          implicitly assumed time unit) or the special strings <literal>off</literal> or
          <literal>default</literal>. For details, see
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>

          <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v251"/>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>systemd.watchdog_pretimeout_governor=</varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Overrides the watchdog pre-timeout settings otherwise configured with
          <varname>RuntimeWatchdogPreGovernor=</varname>. Takes a string value. For details, see
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>

          <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v251"/>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>systemd.cpu_affinity=</varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Overrides the CPU affinity mask for the service manager and the default for all child
          processes it forks. This takes precedence over <varname>CPUAffinity=</varname>, see
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
          for details.</para>

          <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v245"/>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>modules_load=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>rd.modules_load=</varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Load a specific kernel module early at boot. For
          details, see
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-modules-load.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>

          <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v187"/>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>nameserver=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>domain=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Configures DNS server information and search domains, see
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-resolved.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        for details.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v253"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>resume=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>resumeflags=</varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Enable resume from hibernation using the specified device and timeout options. All
          <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>fstab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>-style
          device identifiers are supported. For details, see
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-hibernate-resume-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>

          <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v217"/>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>resume_offset=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Configure the page offset of the swap space from the resume device. For details, see
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-hibernate-resume-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
        </para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v254"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>systemd.firstboot=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument, defaults to on. If off,
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-firstboot.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        and
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-homed-firstboot.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        will not query the user for basic system settings, even if the system boots up for the first time and
        the relevant settings are not initialized yet. Not to be confused with
        <varname>systemd.condition_first_boot=</varname> (see below), which overrides the result of the
        <varname>ConditionFirstBoot=</varname> unit file condition, and thus controls more than just
        <filename>systemd-firstboot.service</filename> behaviour.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v233"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>systemd.condition_needs_update=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If specified, overrides the result of
        <varname>ConditionNeedsUpdate=</varname> unit condition checks. See
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
        details.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v246"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>systemd.condition_first_boot=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If specified, overrides the result of
        <varname>ConditionFirstBoot=</varname> unit condition checks. See
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
        details. Not to be confused with <varname>systemd.firstboot=</varname> which only controls behaviour
        of the <filename>systemd-firstboot.service</filename> system service but has no effect on the
        condition check (see above).</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v246"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>systemd.clock_usec=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Takes a decimal, numeric timestamp in μs since January 1st 1970, 00:00am, to set the
        system clock to. The system time is set to the specified timestamp early during boot. It is not
        propagated to the hardware clock (RTC).</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v246"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>systemd.random_seed=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Takes a base64 encoded random seed value to credit with full entropy to the kernel's
        random pool during early service manager initialization. This option is useful in testing
        environments where delays due to random pool initialization in entropy starved virtual machines shall
        be avoided.</para>

        <para>Note that if this option is used the seed is accessible to unprivileged programs from
        <filename>/proc/cmdline</filename>. This option is hence a security risk when used outside of test
        systems, since the (possibly) only seed used for initialization of the kernel's entropy pool might be
        easily acquired by unprivileged programs.</para>

        <para>It is recommended to pass 512 bytes of randomized data (as that matches the Linux kernel pool
        size), which may be generated with a command like the following:</para>

        <programlisting>dd if=/dev/urandom bs=512 count=1 status=none | base64 -w 0</programlisting>

        <para>Again: do not use this option outside of testing environments, it's a security risk elsewhere,
        as secret key material derived from the entropy pool can possibly be reconstructed by unprivileged
        programs.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v246"/>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>systemd.allow_userspace_verity=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. Controls whether disk images that are Verity protected may
        be authenticated in userspace signature checks via <filename>/etc/verity.d/</filename> (and related
        directories) public key drop-ins, or whether in-kernel signature checking only. Defaults to
        on.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>systemd.hostname=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Accepts a hostname to set during early boot. If specified takes precedence over what
        is set in <filename>/etc/hostname</filename>. Note that this does not bar later runtime changes to
        the hostname, it simply controls the initial hostname set during early boot.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v246"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>systemd.tty.term.<replaceable>tty</replaceable>=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>systemd.tty.rows.<replaceable>tty</replaceable>=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>systemd.tty.columns.<replaceable>tty</replaceable>=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>These arguments allow configuring default values for <varname>$TERM</varname>,
        <varname>TTYRows=</varname>, and <varname>TTYColumns=</varname> for tty
        <replaceable>tty</replaceable>. Additionally, <varname>systemd.tty.term.console</varname> will
        configure the <varname>$TERM</varname> value used by <command>systemd</command> if not set explicitly
        using <varname>TERM</varname> on the kernel command line. The tty name should be specified without
        the <filename>/dev/</filename> prefix (e.g. <literal>systemd.tty.rows.ttyS0=80</literal>).
        </para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v254"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>systemd.battery_check=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Accepts a boolean argument. If false the boot-time battery charge check implemented
        by
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-battery-check.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        is disabled.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v254"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>ifname=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>net.ifname_policy=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Controls interface naming policies, implemented by
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-network-generator.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v245"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>systemd.tpm2_wait=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Controls whether to wait for a TPM2 device at boot, implemented by
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-tpm2-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

    </variablelist>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
      <title>History</title>

      <variablelist>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>systemd 252</term>
          <listitem><para>Kernel command-line arguments <varname>systemd.unified_cgroup_hierarchy</varname>
          and <varname>systemd.legacy_systemd_cgroup_controller</varname> were deprecated. Please switch to
          the unified cgroup hierarchy.</para>

          <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v252"/></listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
      <title>See Also</title>
      <para><simplelist type="inline">
        <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
        <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
        <member><citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>bootparam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
        <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.system-credentials</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
        <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>smbios-type-11</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
        <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-debug-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
        <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-fsck@.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
        <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-quotacheck.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
        <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-journald.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
        <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-vconsole-setup.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
        <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-udevd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
        <member><citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>plymouth</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
        <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-cryptsetup-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
        <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-veritysetup-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
        <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-fstab-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
        <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-getty-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
        <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-gpt-auto-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
        <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-volatile-root.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
        <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-modules-load.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
        <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-backlight@.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
        <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-rfkill.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
        <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-hibernate-resume-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
        <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-firstboot.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
        <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>bootctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
      </simplelist></para>
  </refsect1>

</refentry>
