After acquiring the semlock spinlock, operations must test that the
array is still valid.
- semctl() and exit_sem() would walk stale linked lists (ugly, but
should be ok: all lists are empty)
- semtimedop() would sleep forever - and if woken up due to a signal -
access memory after free.
The patch also:
- standardizes the tests for .deleted, so that all tests in one
function leave the function with the same approach.
- unconditionally tests for .deleted immediately after every call to
sem_lock - even it it means that for semctl(GETALL), .deleted will be
tested twice.
Both changes make the review simpler: After every sem_lock, there must
be a test of .deleted, followed by a goto to the cleanup code (if the
function uses "goto cleanup").
The only exception is semctl_down(): If sem_ids().rwsem is locked, then
the presence in ids->ipcs_idr is equivalent to !.deleted, thus no
additional test is required.
Signed-off-by: Manfred Spraul <manfred@colorfullife.com>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Acked-by: Davidlohr Bueso <davidlohr@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
In commit 0a2b9d4c79 ("ipc/sem.c: move wake_up_process out of the
spinlock section"), the update of semaphore's sem_otime(last semop time)
was moved to one central position (do_smart_update).
But since do_smart_update() is only called for operations that modify
the array, this means that wait-for-zero semops do not update sem_otime
anymore.
The fix is simple:
Non-alter operations must update sem_otime.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
Signed-off-by: Manfred Spraul <manfred@colorfullife.com>
Reported-by: Jia He <jiakernel@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Jia He <jiakernel@gmail.com>
Cc: Davidlohr Bueso <davidlohr.bueso@hp.com>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The proc interface is not aware of sem_lock(), it instead calls
ipc_lock_object() directly. This means that simple semop() operations
can run in parallel with the proc interface. Right now, this is
uncritical, because the implementation doesn't do anything that requires
a proper synchronization.
But it is dangerous and therefore should be fixed.
Signed-off-by: Manfred Spraul <manfred@colorfullife.com>
Cc: Davidlohr Bueso <davidlohr.bueso@hp.com>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Operations that need access to the whole array must guarantee that there
are no simple operations ongoing. Right now this is achieved by
spin_unlock_wait(sem->lock) on all semaphores.
If complex_count is nonzero, then this spin_unlock_wait() is not
necessary, because it was already performed in the past by the thread
that increased complex_count and even though sem_perm.lock was dropped
inbetween, no simple operation could have started, because simple
operations cannot start when complex_count is non-zero.
Signed-off-by: Manfred Spraul <manfred@colorfullife.com>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <bitbucket@online.de>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Davidlohr Bueso <davidlohr@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The exclusion of complex operations in sem_lock() is insufficient: after
acquiring the per-semaphore lock, a simple op must first check that
sem_perm.lock is not locked and only after that test check
complex_count. The current code does it the other way around - and that
creates a race. Details are below.
The patch is a complete rewrite of sem_lock(), based in part on the code
from Mike Galbraith. It removes all gotos and all loops and thus the
risk of livelocks.
I have tested the patch (together with the next one) on my i3 laptop and
it didn't cause any problems.
The bug is probably also present in 3.10 and 3.11, but for these kernels
it might be simpler just to move the test of sma->complex_count after
the spin_is_locked() test.
Details of the bug:
Assume:
- sma->complex_count = 0.
- Thread 1: semtimedop(complex op that must sleep)
- Thread 2: semtimedop(simple op).
Pseudo-Trace:
Thread 1: sem_lock(): acquire sem_perm.lock
Thread 1: sem_lock(): check for ongoing simple ops
Nothing ongoing, thread 2 is still before sem_lock().
Thread 1: try_atomic_semop()
<<< preempted.
Thread 2: sem_lock():
static inline int sem_lock(struct sem_array *sma, struct sembuf *sops,
int nsops)
{
int locknum;
again:
if (nsops == 1 && !sma->complex_count) {
struct sem *sem = sma->sem_base + sops->sem_num;
/* Lock just the semaphore we are interested in. */
spin_lock(&sem->lock);
/*
* If sma->complex_count was set while we were spinning,
* we may need to look at things we did not lock here.
*/
if (unlikely(sma->complex_count)) {
spin_unlock(&sem->lock);
goto lock_array;
}
<<<<<<<<<
<<< complex_count is still 0.
<<<
<<< Here it is preempted
<<<<<<<<<
Thread 1: try_atomic_semop() returns, notices that it must sleep.
Thread 1: increases sma->complex_count.
Thread 1: drops sem_perm.lock
Thread 2:
/*
* Another process is holding the global lock on the
* sem_array; we cannot enter our critical section,
* but have to wait for the global lock to be released.
*/
if (unlikely(spin_is_locked(&sma->sem_perm.lock))) {
spin_unlock(&sem->lock);
spin_unlock_wait(&sma->sem_perm.lock);
goto again;
}
<<< sem_perm.lock already dropped, thus no "goto again;"
locknum = sops->sem_num;
Signed-off-by: Manfred Spraul <manfred@colorfullife.com>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <bitbucket@online.de>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Davidlohr Bueso <davidlohr.bueso@hp.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> [3.10+]
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Currently, IPC mechanisms do security and auditing related checks under
RCU. However, since security modules can free the security structure,
for example, through selinux_[sem,msg_queue,shm]_free_security(), we can
race if the structure is freed before other tasks are done with it,
creating a use-after-free condition. Manfred illustrates this nicely,
for instance with shared mem and selinux:
-> do_shmat calls rcu_read_lock()
-> do_shmat calls shm_object_check().
Checks that the object is still valid - but doesn't acquire any locks.
Then it returns.
-> do_shmat calls security_shm_shmat (e.g. selinux_shm_shmat)
-> selinux_shm_shmat calls ipc_has_perm()
-> ipc_has_perm accesses ipc_perms->security
shm_close()
-> shm_close acquires rw_mutex & shm_lock
-> shm_close calls shm_destroy
-> shm_destroy calls security_shm_free (e.g. selinux_shm_free_security)
-> selinux_shm_free_security calls ipc_free_security(&shp->shm_perm)
-> ipc_free_security calls kfree(ipc_perms->security)
This patch delays the freeing of the security structures after all RCU
readers are done. Furthermore it aligns the security life cycle with
that of the rest of IPC - freeing them based on the reference counter.
For situations where we need not free security, the current behavior is
kept. Linus states:
"... the old behavior was suspect for another reason too: having the
security blob go away from under a user sounds like it could cause
various other problems anyway, so I think the old code was at least
_prone_ to bugs even if it didn't have catastrophic behavior."
I have tested this patch with IPC testcases from LTP on both my
quad-core laptop and on a 64 core NUMA server. In both cases selinux is
enabled, and tests pass for both voluntary and forced preemption models.
While the mentioned races are theoretical (at least no one as reported
them), I wanted to make sure that this new logic doesn't break anything
we weren't aware of.
Suggested-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Davidlohr Bueso <davidlohr@hp.com>
Acked-by: Manfred Spraul <manfred@colorfullife.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cleanup: Some minor points that I noticed while writing the previous
patches
1) The name try_atomic_semop() is misleading: The function performs the
operation (if it is possible).
2) Some documentation updates.
No real code change, a rename and documentation changes.
Signed-off-by: Manfred Spraul <manfred@colorfullife.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Davidlohr Bueso <davidlohr.bueso@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
sem_otime contains the time of the last semaphore operation that
completed successfully. Every operation updates this value, thus access
from multiple cpus can cause thrashing.
Therefore the patch replaces the variable with a per-semaphore variable.
The per-array sem_otime is only calculated when required.
No performance improvement on a single-socket i3 - only important for
larger systems.
Signed-off-by: Manfred Spraul <manfred@colorfullife.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Davidlohr Bueso <davidlohr.bueso@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
There are two places that can contain alter operations:
- the global queue: sma->pending_alter
- the per-semaphore queues: sma->sem_base[].pending_alter.
Since one of the queues must be processed first, this causes an odd
priorization of the wakeups: complex operations have priority over
simple ops.
The patch restores the behavior of linux <=3.0.9: The longest waiting
operation has the highest priority.
This is done by using only one queue:
- if there are complex ops, then sma->pending_alter is used.
- otherwise, the per-semaphore queues are used.
As a side effect, do_smart_update_queue() becomes much simpler: no more
goto logic.
Signed-off-by: Manfred Spraul <manfred@colorfullife.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Davidlohr Bueso <davidlohr.bueso@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Introduce separate queues for operations that do not modify the
semaphore values. Advantages:
- Simpler logic in check_restart().
- Faster update_queue(): Right now, all wait-for-zero operations are
always tested, even if the semaphore value is not 0.
- wait-for-zero gets again priority, as in linux <=3.0.9
Signed-off-by: Manfred Spraul <manfred@colorfullife.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Davidlohr Bueso <davidlohr.bueso@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
As now each semaphore has its own spinlock and parallel operations are
possible, give each semaphore its own cacheline.
On a i3 laptop, this gives up to 28% better performance:
#semscale 10 | grep "interleave 2"
- before:
Cpus 1, interleave 2 delay 0: 36109234 in 10 secs
Cpus 2, interleave 2 delay 0: 55276317 in 10 secs
Cpus 3, interleave 2 delay 0: 62411025 in 10 secs
Cpus 4, interleave 2 delay 0: 81963928 in 10 secs
-after:
Cpus 1, interleave 2 delay 0: 35527306 in 10 secs
Cpus 2, interleave 2 delay 0: 70922909 in 10 secs <<< + 28%
Cpus 3, interleave 2 delay 0: 80518538 in 10 secs
Cpus 4, interleave 2 delay 0: 89115148 in 10 secs <<< + 8.7%
i3, with 2 cores and with hyperthreading enabled. Interleave 2 in order
use first the full cores. HT partially hides the delay from cacheline
trashing, thus the improvement is "only" 8.7% if 4 threads are running.
Signed-off-by: Manfred Spraul <manfred@colorfullife.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Davidlohr Bueso <davidlohr.bueso@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This function currently acquires both the rw_mutex and the rcu lock on
successful lookups, leaving the callers to explicitly unlock them,
creating another two level locking situation.
Make the callers (including those that still use ipcctl_pre_down())
explicitly lock and unlock the rwsem and rcu lock.
Signed-off-by: Davidlohr Bueso <davidlohr.bueso@hp.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
do_smart_update_queue() is called when an operation (semop,
semctl(SETVAL), semctl(SETALL), ...) modified the array. It must check
which of the sleeping tasks can proceed.
do_smart_update_queue() missed a few wakeups:
- if a sleeping complex op was completed, then all per-semaphore queues
must be scanned - not only those that were modified by *sops
- if a sleeping simple op proceeded, then the global queue must be
scanned again
And:
- the test for "|sops == NULL) before scanning the global queue is not
required: If the global queue is empty, then it doesn't need to be
scanned - regardless of the reason for calling do_smart_update_queue()
The patch is not optimized, i.e. even completing a wait-for-zero
operation causes a rescan. This is done to keep the patch as simple as
possible.
Signed-off-by: Manfred Spraul <manfred@colorfullife.com>
Acked-by: Davidlohr Bueso <davidlohr.bueso@hp.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The semctl GETNCNT returns the number of semops waiting for the
specified semaphore to become nonzero. After commit 9f1bc2c902
("ipc,sem: have only one list in struct sem_queue"), the semops waiting
on just one semaphore are waiting on that semaphore's list.
In order to return the correct count, we have to walk that list too, in
addition to the sem_array's list for complex operations.
Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The semctl GETZCNT returns the number of semops waiting for the
specified semaphore to become zero. After commit 9f1bc2c902
("ipc,sem: have only one list in struct sem_queue"), the semops waiting
on just one semaphore are waiting on that semaphore's list.
In order to return the correct count, we have to walk that list too, in
addition to the sem_array's list for complex operations.
This bug broke dbench; it works again with this patch applied.
Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reported-by: Kent Overstreet <koverstreet@google.com>
Tested-by: Kent Overstreet <koverstreet@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This trivially combines two rcu_read_lock() calls in both sides of a
if-statement into one single one in front of the if-statement.
Split out as an independent cleanup from the previous commit.
Acked-by: Davidlohr Bueso <davidlohr.bueso@hp.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
With various straight RCU lock/unlock movements, one common exit path
pattern had become
rcu_read_unlock();
goto out_wakeup;
and in fact there were no cases where we wanted to exit to out_wakeup
_without_ releasing the RCU read lock.
So replace that pattern with "goto out_rcu_wakeup", and remove the old
out_wakeup.
Acked-by: Davidlohr Bueso <davidlohr.bueso@hp.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
sem_obtain_lock() was another of those functions that returned with the
RCU lock held for reading in the success case. Move the RCU locking to
the caller (semtimedop()), making it more obvious. We already did RCU
locking elsewhere in that function.
Side note: why does semtimedop() re-do the semphore lookup after the
sleep, rather than just getting a reference to the semaphore it already
looked up originally?
Acked-by: Davidlohr Bueso <davidlohr.bueso@hp.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Fix another ipc locking buglet introduced by the scalability patches:
when semctl_down() was changed to delay the semaphore locking, one error
path for security_sem_semctl() went through the semaphore unlock logic
even though the semaphore had never been locked.
Introduced by commit 16df3674ef ("ipc,sem: do not hold ipc lock more
than necessary")
Acked-by: Davidlohr Bueso <davidlohr.bueso@hp.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This is another ipc semaphore locking cleanup, trying to make the
locking more straightforward. We move the rcu read locking into the
callers of sem_lock_and_putref(), which in general means that we now
mostly do the rcu_read_lock() and rcu_read_unlock() in the same
function.
Mostly. We still have the ipc_addid/newary/freeary mess, and things
like ipcctl_pre_down_nolock().
Acked-by: Davidlohr Bueso <davidlohr.bueso@hp.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The IPC locking is a mess, and sem_unlock() unlocks not only the
semaphore spinlock, it also drops the rcu read lock. Unlike sem_lock(),
which just gets the spin-lock, and expects the caller to get the rcu
read lock.
This all makes things very hard to follow, and it's very confusing when
you take the rcu read lock in one function, and then release it in
another. And it has caused actual bugs: the sem_obtain_lock() function
ended up dropping the RCU read lock twice in one error path, because it
first did the sem_unlock(), and then did a rcu_read_unlock() to match
the rcu_read_lock() it had done.
This is just a totally mindless "remove rcu_read_unlock() from
sem_unlock() and add it immediately after each caller" (except for the
aforementioned bug where we did too many rcu_read_unlock(), and in
find_alloc_undo() where we just got the rcu_read_lock() to correct for
the fact that sem_unlock would immediately drop it again).
We can (and should) clean things up further, but this fixes the bug with
the minimal amount of subtlety.
Reviewed-by: Davidlohr Bueso <davidlohr.bueso@hp.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
