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185 Commits

Author SHA1 Message Date
Shakeel Butt
92ee383f6d mm: fix race between kmem_cache destroy, create and deactivate 
The memcg kmem cache creation and deactivation (SLUB only) is
asynchronous.  If a root kmem cache is destroyed whose memcg cache is in
the process of creation or deactivation, the kernel may crash.

Example of one such crash:
	general protection fault: 0000 [#1] SMP PTI
	CPU: 1 PID: 1721 Comm: kworker/14:1 Not tainted 4.17.0-smp
	...
	Workqueue: memcg_kmem_cache kmemcg_deactivate_workfn
	RIP: 0010:has_cpu_slab
	...
	Call Trace:
	? on_each_cpu_cond
	__kmem_cache_shrink
	kmemcg_cache_deact_after_rcu
	kmemcg_deactivate_workfn
	process_one_work
	worker_thread
	kthread
	ret_from_fork+0x35/0x40

To fix this race, on root kmem cache destruction, mark the cache as
dying and flush the workqueue used for memcg kmem cache creation and
deactivation.  SLUB's memcg kmem cache deactivation also includes RCU
callback and thus make sure all previous registered RCU callbacks have
completed as well.

[shakeelb@google.com: handle the RCU callbacks for SLUB deactivation]
  Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20180611192951.195727-1-shakeelb@google.com
[shakeelb@google.com: add more documentation, rename fields for readability]
  Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20180522201336.196994-1-shakeelb@google.com
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix build, per Shakeel]
[shakeelb@google.com: v3.  Instead of refcount, flush the workqueue]
  Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20180530001204.183758-1-shakeelb@google.com
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20180521174116.171846-1-shakeelb@google.com
Signed-off-by: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com>
Acked-by: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov.dev@gmail.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
 2018-06-15 07:55:23 +09:00
Kees Cook
49b7f8983a mm: Use overflow helpers in kmalloc_array*() 
Instead of open-coded multiplication and bounds checking, use the new
overflow helper.

Suggested-by: Rasmus Villemoes <linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk>
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
 2018-06-05 12:16:51 -07:00
Randy Dunlap
514c603249 headers: untangle kmemleak.h from mm.h 
Currently <linux/slab.h> #includes <linux/kmemleak.h> for no obvious
reason.  It looks like it's only a convenience, so remove kmemleak.h
from slab.h and add <linux/kmemleak.h> to any users of kmemleak_* that
don't already #include it.  Also remove <linux/kmemleak.h> from source
files that do not use it.

This is tested on i386 allmodconfig and x86_64 allmodconfig.  It would
be good to run it through the 0day bot for other $ARCHes.  I have
neither the horsepower nor the storage space for the other $ARCHes.

Update: This patch has been extensively build-tested by both the 0day
bot & kisskb/ozlabs build farms.  Both of them reported 2 build failures
for which patches are included here (in v2).

[ slab.h is the second most used header file after module.h; kernel.h is
  right there with slab.h. There could be some minor error in the
  counting due to some #includes having comments after them and I didn't
  combine all of those. ]

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: security/keys/big_key.c needs vmalloc.h, per sfr]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/e4309f98-3749-93e1-4bb7-d9501a39d015@infradead.org
Link: http://kisskb.ellerman.id.au/kisskb/head/13396/
Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@infradead.org>
Reviewed-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Reported-by: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>	[2 build failures]
Reported-by: Fengguang Wu <fengguang.wu@intel.com>	[2 build failures]
Reviewed-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Wei Yongjun <weiyongjun1@huawei.com>
Cc: Luis R. Rodriguez <mcgrof@kernel.org>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: John Johansen <john.johansen@canonical.com>
Cc: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
 2018-04-05 21:36:27 -07:00
Alexey Dobriyan
7bbdb81ee3 slab: make usercopy region 32-bit 
If kmem case sizes are 32-bit, then usecopy region should be too.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20180305200730.15812-21-adobriyan@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com>
Cc: David Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
 2018-04-05 21:36:24 -07:00
Alexey Dobriyan
f4957d5bd0 slab: make kmem_cache_create() work with 32-bit sizes 
struct kmem_cache::size and ::align were always 32-bit.

Out of curiosity I created 4GB kmem_cache, it oopsed with division by 0.
kmem_cache_create(1UL<<32+1) created 1-byte cache as expected.

size_t doesn't work and never did.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20180305200730.15812-6-adobriyan@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
 2018-04-05 21:36:23 -07:00
Alexey Dobriyan
0be70327ec slab: make kmalloc_size() return "unsigned int" 
kmalloc_size() derives size of kmalloc cache from internal index, which
can't be negative.

Propagate unsignedness a bit.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20180305200730.15812-3-adobriyan@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
 2018-04-05 21:36:23 -07:00
Alexey Dobriyan
36071a279b slab: make kmalloc_index() return "unsigned int" 
kmalloc_index() return index into an array of kmalloc kmem caches,
therefore should be unsigned.

Space savings with SLUB on trimmed down .config:

	add/remove: 0/1 grow/shrink: 6/56 up/down: 85/-557 (-472)
	Function                                     old     new   delta
	calculate_sizes                              924     983     +59
	on_freelist                                  589     604     +15
	init_cache_random_seq                        122     127      +5
	ext4_mb_init                                1206    1210      +4
	slab_pad_check.part                          270     271      +1
	cpu_partial_store                            112     113      +1
	usersize_show                                 28      27      -1
		...
	new_slab                                    1871    1837     -34
	slab_order                                   204       -    -204

This patch start a series of converting SLUB (mostly) to "unsigned int".

1) Most integers in the code are in fact unsigned entities: array
   indexes, lengths, buffer sizes, allocation orders. It is therefore
   better to use unsigned variables

2) Some integers in the code are either "size_t" or "unsigned long" for
   no reason.

   size_t usually comes from people trying to maintain type correctness
   and figuring out that "sizeof" operator returns size_t or
   memset/memcpy takes size_t so should everything passed to it.

   However the number of 4GB+ objects in the kernel is very small. Most,
   if not all, dynamically allocated objects with kmalloc() or
   kmem_cache_create() aren't actually big. Maintaining wide types
   doesn't do anything.

   64-bit ops are bigger than 32-bit on our beloved x86_64,
   so try to not use 64-bit where it isn't necessary
   (read: everywhere where integers are integers not pointers)

3) in case of SLAB allocators, there are additional limitations
   *) page->inuse, page->objects are only 16-/15-bit,
   *) cache size was always 32-bit
   *) slab orders are small, order 20 is needed to go 64-bit on x86_64
      (PAGE_SIZE << order)

Basically everything is 32-bit except kmalloc(1ULL<<32) which gets
shortcut through page allocator.

Christoph said:
:
: That changes with large base page size on power and ARM64 f.e. but then
: we do not want to encourage larger allocations through slab anyways.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20180305200730.15812-2-adobriyan@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
 2018-04-05 21:36:23 -07:00
Kees Cook
2d891fbc3b usercopy: Allow strict enforcement of whitelists 
This introduces CONFIG_HARDENED_USERCOPY_FALLBACK to control the
behavior of hardened usercopy whitelist violations. By default, whitelist
violations will continue to WARN() so that any bad or missing usercopy
whitelists can be discovered without being too disruptive.

If this config is disabled at build time or a system is booted with
"slab_common.usercopy_fallback=0", usercopy whitelists will BUG() instead
of WARN(). This is useful for admins that want to use usercopy whitelists
immediately.

Suggested-by: Matthew Garrett <mjg59@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
 2018-01-15 12:07:48 -08:00
David Windsor
8eb8284b41 usercopy: Prepare for usercopy whitelisting 
This patch prepares the slab allocator to handle caches having annotations
(useroffset and usersize) defining usercopy regions.

This patch is modified from Brad Spengler/PaX Team's PAX_USERCOPY
whitelisting code in the last public patch of grsecurity/PaX based on
my understanding of the code. Changes or omissions from the original
code are mine and don't reflect the original grsecurity/PaX code.

Currently, hardened usercopy performs dynamic bounds checking on slab
cache objects. This is good, but still leaves a lot of kernel memory
available to be copied to/from userspace in the face of bugs. To further
restrict what memory is available for copying, this creates a way to
whitelist specific areas of a given slab cache object for copying to/from
userspace, allowing much finer granularity of access control. Slab caches
that are never exposed to userspace can declare no whitelist for their
objects, thereby keeping them unavailable to userspace via dynamic copy
operations. (Note, an implicit form of whitelisting is the use of constant
sizes in usercopy operations and get_user()/put_user(); these bypass
hardened usercopy checks since these sizes cannot change at runtime.)

To support this whitelist annotation, usercopy region offset and size
members are added to struct kmem_cache. The slab allocator receives a
new function, kmem_cache_create_usercopy(), that creates a new cache
with a usercopy region defined, suitable for declaring spans of fields
within the objects that get copied to/from userspace.

In this patch, the default kmem_cache_create() marks the entire allocation
as whitelisted, leaving it semantically unchanged. Once all fine-grained
whitelists have been added (in subsequent patches), this will be changed
to a usersize of 0, making caches created with kmem_cache_create() not
copyable to/from userspace.

After the entire usercopy whitelist series is applied, less than 15%
of the slab cache memory remains exposed to potential usercopy bugs
after a fresh boot:

Total Slab Memory:           48074720
Usercopyable Memory:          6367532  13.2%
         task_struct                    0.2%         4480/1630720
         RAW                            0.3%            300/96000
         RAWv6                          2.1%           1408/64768
         ext4_inode_cache               3.0%       269760/8740224
         dentry                        11.1%       585984/5273856
         mm_struct                     29.1%         54912/188448
         kmalloc-8                    100.0%          24576/24576
         kmalloc-16                   100.0%          28672/28672
         kmalloc-32                   100.0%          81920/81920
         kmalloc-192                  100.0%          96768/96768
         kmalloc-128                  100.0%        143360/143360
         names_cache                  100.0%        163840/163840
         kmalloc-64                   100.0%        167936/167936
         kmalloc-256                  100.0%        339968/339968
         kmalloc-512                  100.0%        350720/350720
         kmalloc-96                   100.0%        455616/455616
         kmalloc-8192                 100.0%        655360/655360
         kmalloc-1024                 100.0%        812032/812032
         kmalloc-4096                 100.0%        819200/819200
         kmalloc-2048                 100.0%      1310720/1310720

After some kernel build workloads, the percentage (mainly driven by
dentry and inode caches expanding) drops under 10%:

Total Slab Memory:           95516184
Usercopyable Memory:          8497452   8.8%
         task_struct                    0.2%         4000/1456000
         RAW                            0.3%            300/96000
         RAWv6                          2.1%           1408/64768
         ext4_inode_cache               3.0%     1217280/39439872
         dentry                        11.1%     1623200/14608800
         mm_struct                     29.1%         73216/251264
         kmalloc-8                    100.0%          24576/24576
         kmalloc-16                   100.0%          28672/28672
         kmalloc-32                   100.0%          94208/94208
         kmalloc-192                  100.0%          96768/96768
         kmalloc-128                  100.0%        143360/143360
         names_cache                  100.0%        163840/163840
         kmalloc-64                   100.0%        245760/245760
         kmalloc-256                  100.0%        339968/339968
         kmalloc-512                  100.0%        350720/350720
         kmalloc-96                   100.0%        563520/563520
         kmalloc-8192                 100.0%        655360/655360
         kmalloc-1024                 100.0%        794624/794624
         kmalloc-4096                 100.0%        819200/819200
         kmalloc-2048                 100.0%      1257472/1257472

Signed-off-by: David Windsor <dave@nullcore.net>
[kees: adjust commit log, split out a few extra kmalloc hunks]
[kees: add field names to function declarations]
[kees: convert BUGs to WARNs and fail closed]
[kees: add attack surface reduction analysis to commit log]
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: linux-mm@kvack.org
Cc: linux-xfs@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
 2018-01-15 12:07:47 -08:00
Kees Cook
f4e6e289cb usercopy: Include offset in hardened usercopy report 
This refactors the hardened usercopy code so that failure reporting can
happen within the checking functions instead of at the top level. This
simplifies the return value handling and allows more details and offsets
to be included in the report. Having the offset can be much more helpful
in understanding hardened usercopy bugs.

Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
 2018-01-15 12:07:45 -08:00
Mel Gorman
453f85d43f mm: remove __GFP_COLD 
As the page free path makes no distinction between cache hot and cold
pages, there is no real useful ordering of pages in the free list that
allocation requests can take advantage of.  Juding from the users of
__GFP_COLD, it is likely that a number of them are the result of copying
other sites instead of actually measuring the impact.  Remove the
__GFP_COLD parameter which simplifies a number of paths in the page
allocator.

This is potentially controversial but bear in mind that the size of the
per-cpu pagelists versus modern cache sizes means that the whole per-cpu
list can often fit in the L3 cache.  Hence, there is only a potential
benefit for microbenchmarks that alloc/free pages in a tight loop.  It's
even worse when THP is taken into account which has little or no chance
of getting a cache-hot page as the per-cpu list is bypassed and the
zeroing of multiple pages will thrash the cache anyway.

The truncate microbenchmarks are not shown as this patch affects the
allocation path and not the free path.  A page fault microbenchmark was
tested but it showed no sigificant difference which is not surprising
given that the __GFP_COLD branches are a miniscule percentage of the
fault path.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20171018075952.10627-9-mgorman@techsingularity.net
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
 2017-11-15 18:21:06 -08:00
Levin, Alexander (Sasha Levin)
d8be75663c kmemcheck: remove whats left of NOTRACK flags 
Now that kmemcheck is gone, we don't need the NOTRACK flags.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20171007030159.22241-5-alexander.levin@verizon.com
Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <alexander.levin@verizon.com>
Cc: Alexander Potapenko <glider@google.com>
Cc: Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Tim Hansen <devtimhansen@gmail.com>
Cc: Vegard Nossum <vegardno@ifi.uio.no>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
 2017-11-15 18:21:05 -08:00
Johannes Thumshirn
5799b255c4 include/linux/slab.h: add kmalloc_array_node() and kcalloc_node() 
Patch series "Add kmalloc_array_node() and kcalloc_node()".

Our current memeory allocation routines suffer form an API imbalance,
for one we have kmalloc_array() and kcalloc() which check for overflows
in size multiplication and we have kmalloc_node() and kzalloc_node()
which allow for memory allocation on a certain NUMA node but don't check
for eventual overflows.

This patch (of 6):

We have kmalloc_array() and kcalloc() wrappers on top of kmalloc() which
ensure us overflow free multiplication for the size of a memory
allocation but these implementations are not NUMA-aware.

Likewise we have kmalloc_node() which is a NUMA-aware version of
kmalloc() but the implementation is not aware of any possible overflows
in eventual size calculations.

Introduce a combination of the two above cases to have a NUMA-node aware
version of kmalloc_array() and kcalloc().

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170927082038.3782-2-jthumshirn@suse.de
Signed-off-by: Johannes Thumshirn <jthumshirn@suse.de>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Damien Le Moal <damien.lemoal@wdc.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Doug Ledford <dledford@redhat.com>
Cc: Hal Rosenstock <hal.rosenstock@gmail.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Mike Marciniszyn <infinipath@intel.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: Santosh Shilimkar <santosh.shilimkar@oracle.com>
Cc: Sean Hefty <sean.hefty@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
 2017-11-15 18:21:01 -08:00
Alexey Dobriyan
4fd0b46e89 slab, slub, slob: convert slab_flags_t to 32-bit 
struct kmem_cache::flags is "unsigned long" which is unnecessary on
64-bit as no flags are defined in the higher bits.

Switch the field to 32-bit and save some space on x86_64 until such
flags appear:

	add/remove: 0/0 grow/shrink: 0/107 up/down: 0/-657 (-657)
	function                                     old     new   delta
	sysfs_slab_add                               720     719      -1
				...
	check_object                                 699     676     -23

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix printk warning]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20171021100635.GA8287@avx2
Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
 2017-11-15 18:21:01 -08:00
Alexey Dobriyan
d50112edde slab, slub, slob: add slab_flags_t 
Add sparse-checked slab_flags_t for struct kmem_cache::flags (SLAB_POISON,
etc).

SLAB is bloated temporarily by switching to "unsigned long", but only
temporarily.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20171021100225.GA22428@avx2
Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
 2017-11-15 18:21:01 -08:00
Greg Kroah-Hartman
b24413180f License cleanup: add SPDX GPL-2.0 license identifier to files with no license 
Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.

By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.

Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier.  The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.

This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.

How this work was done:

Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
 - file had no licensing information it it.
 - file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
 - file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,

Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.

The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne.  Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.

The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed.  Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.

Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
 - Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
 - Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
   lines of source
 - File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
   lines).

All documentation files were explicitly excluded.

The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.

 - when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
   considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
   COPYING file license applied.

   For non */uapi/* files that summary was:

   SPDX license identifier                            # files
   ---------------------------------------------------|-------
   GPL-2.0                                              11139

   and resulted in the first patch in this series.

   If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
   Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0".  Results of that was:

   SPDX license identifier                            # files
   ---------------------------------------------------|-------
   GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note                        930

   and resulted in the second patch in this series.

 - if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
   of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
   any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
   it (per prior point).  Results summary:

   SPDX license identifier                            # files
   ---------------------------------------------------|------
   GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note                       270
   GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note                      169
   ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause)    21
   ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause)    17
   LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note                      15
   GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note                       14
   ((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause)    5
   LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note                       4
   LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note                        3
   ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT)              3
   ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT)             1

   and that resulted in the third patch in this series.

 - when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
   the concluded license(s).

 - when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
   license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
   licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.

 - In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
   resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
   which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).

 - When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
   confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.

 - If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
   the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
   in time.

In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.

Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights.  The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.

Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.

In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.

Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
 - a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
   license ids and scores
 - reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
   files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
 - reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
   was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
   SPDX license was correct

This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction.  This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.

These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg.  Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected.  This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.)  Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.

Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
 2017-11-02 11:10:55 +01:00
Michal Hocko
dcda9b0471 mm, tree wide: replace __GFP_REPEAT by __GFP_RETRY_MAYFAIL with more useful semantic 
__GFP_REPEAT was designed to allow retry-but-eventually-fail semantic to
the page allocator.  This has been true but only for allocations
requests larger than PAGE_ALLOC_COSTLY_ORDER.  It has been always
ignored for smaller sizes.  This is a bit unfortunate because there is
no way to express the same semantic for those requests and they are
considered too important to fail so they might end up looping in the
page allocator for ever, similarly to GFP_NOFAIL requests.

Now that the whole tree has been cleaned up and accidental or misled
usage of __GFP_REPEAT flag has been removed for !costly requests we can
give the original flag a better name and more importantly a more useful
semantic.  Let's rename it to __GFP_RETRY_MAYFAIL which tells the user
that the allocator would try really hard but there is no promise of a
success.  This will work independent of the order and overrides the
default allocator behavior.  Page allocator users have several levels of
guarantee vs.  cost options (take GFP_KERNEL as an example)

 - GFP_KERNEL & ~__GFP_RECLAIM - optimistic allocation without _any_
   attempt to free memory at all. The most light weight mode which even
   doesn't kick the background reclaim. Should be used carefully because
   it might deplete the memory and the next user might hit the more
   aggressive reclaim

 - GFP_KERNEL & ~__GFP_DIRECT_RECLAIM (or GFP_NOWAIT)- optimistic
   allocation without any attempt to free memory from the current
   context but can wake kswapd to reclaim memory if the zone is below
   the low watermark. Can be used from either atomic contexts or when
   the request is a performance optimization and there is another
   fallback for a slow path.

 - (GFP_KERNEL|__GFP_HIGH) & ~__GFP_DIRECT_RECLAIM (aka GFP_ATOMIC) -
   non sleeping allocation with an expensive fallback so it can access
   some portion of memory reserves. Usually used from interrupt/bh
   context with an expensive slow path fallback.

 - GFP_KERNEL - both background and direct reclaim are allowed and the
   _default_ page allocator behavior is used. That means that !costly
   allocation requests are basically nofail but there is no guarantee of
   that behavior so failures have to be checked properly by callers
   (e.g. OOM killer victim is allowed to fail currently).

 - GFP_KERNEL | __GFP_NORETRY - overrides the default allocator behavior
   and all allocation requests fail early rather than cause disruptive
   reclaim (one round of reclaim in this implementation). The OOM killer
   is not invoked.

 - GFP_KERNEL | __GFP_RETRY_MAYFAIL - overrides the default allocator
   behavior and all allocation requests try really hard. The request
   will fail if the reclaim cannot make any progress. The OOM killer
   won't be triggered.

 - GFP_KERNEL | __GFP_NOFAIL - overrides the default allocator behavior
   and all allocation requests will loop endlessly until they succeed.
   This might be really dangerous especially for larger orders.

Existing users of __GFP_REPEAT are changed to __GFP_RETRY_MAYFAIL
because they already had their semantic.  No new users are added.
__alloc_pages_slowpath is changed to bail out for __GFP_RETRY_MAYFAIL if
there is no progress and we have already passed the OOM point.

This means that all the reclaim opportunities have been exhausted except
the most disruptive one (the OOM killer) and a user defined fallback
behavior is more sensible than keep retrying in the page allocator.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix arch/sparc/kernel/mdesc.c]
[mhocko@suse.com: semantic fix]
  Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170626123847.GM11534@dhcp22.suse.cz
[mhocko@kernel.org: address other thing spotted by Vlastimil]
  Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170626124233.GN11534@dhcp22.suse.cz
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170623085345.11304-3-mhocko@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Alex Belits <alex.belits@cavium.com>
Cc: Chris Wilson <chris@chris-wilson.co.uk>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: Darrick J. Wong <darrick.wong@oracle.com>
Cc: David Daney <david.daney@cavium.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: NeilBrown <neilb@suse.com>
Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
 2017-07-12 16:26:03 -07:00
Paul E. McKenney
5f0d5a3ae7 mm: Rename SLAB_DESTROY_BY_RCU to SLAB_TYPESAFE_BY_RCU 
A group of Linux kernel hackers reported chasing a bug that resulted
from their assumption that SLAB_DESTROY_BY_RCU provided an existence
guarantee, that is, that no block from such a slab would be reallocated
during an RCU read-side critical section.  Of course, that is not the
case.  Instead, SLAB_DESTROY_BY_RCU only prevents freeing of an entire
slab of blocks.

However, there is a phrase for this, namely "type safety".  This commit
therefore renames SLAB_DESTROY_BY_RCU to SLAB_TYPESAFE_BY_RCU in order
to avoid future instances of this sort of confusion.

Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: <linux-mm@kvack.org>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
[ paulmck: Add comments mentioning the old name, as requested by Eric
  Dumazet, in order to help people familiar with the old name find
  the new one. ]
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
 2017-04-18 11:42:36 -07:00
Tejun Heo
01fb58bcba slab: remove synchronous synchronize_sched() from memcg cache deactivation path 
With kmem cgroup support enabled, kmem_caches can be created and
destroyed frequently and a great number of near empty kmem_caches can
accumulate if there are a lot of transient cgroups and the system is not
under memory pressure.  When memory reclaim starts under such
conditions, it can lead to consecutive deactivation and destruction of
many kmem_caches, easily hundreds of thousands on moderately large
systems, exposing scalability issues in the current slab management
code.  This is one of the patches to address the issue.

slub uses synchronize_sched() to deactivate a memcg cache.
synchronize_sched() is an expensive and slow operation and doesn't scale
when a huge number of caches are destroyed back-to-back.  While there
used to be a simple batching mechanism, the batching was too restricted
to be helpful.

This patch implements slab_deactivate_memcg_cache_rcu_sched() which slub
can use to schedule sched RCU callback instead of performing
synchronize_sched() synchronously while holding cgroup_mutex.  While
this adds online cpus, mems and slab_mutex operations, operating on
these locks back-to-back from the same kworker, which is what's gonna
happen when there are many to deactivate, isn't expensive at all and
this gets rid of the scalability problem completely.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170117235411.9408-9-tj@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Reported-by: Jay Vana <jsvana@fb.com>
Acked-by: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov.dev@gmail.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
 2017-02-22 16:41:27 -08:00
Tejun Heo
510ded33e0 slab: implement slab_root_caches list 
With kmem cgroup support enabled, kmem_caches can be created and
destroyed frequently and a great number of near empty kmem_caches can
accumulate if there are a lot of transient cgroups and the system is not
under memory pressure.  When memory reclaim starts under such
conditions, it can lead to consecutive deactivation and destruction of
many kmem_caches, easily hundreds of thousands on moderately large
systems, exposing scalability issues in the current slab management
code.  This is one of the patches to address the issue.

slab_caches currently lists all caches including root and memcg ones.
This is the only data structure which lists the root caches and
iterating root caches can only be done by walking the list while
skipping over memcg caches.  As there can be a huge number of memcg
caches, this can become very expensive.

This also can make /proc/slabinfo behave very badly.  seq_file processes
reads in 4k chunks and seeks to the previous Nth position on slab_caches
list to resume after each chunk.  With a lot of memcg cache churns on
the list, reading /proc/slabinfo can become very slow and its content
often ends up with duplicate and/or missing entries.

This patch adds a new list slab_root_caches which lists only the root
caches.  When memcg is not enabled, it becomes just an alias of
slab_caches.  memcg specific list operations are collected into
memcg_[un]link_cache().

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170117235411.9408-7-tj@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Reported-by: Jay Vana <jsvana@fb.com>
Acked-by: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@tarantool.org>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
 2017-02-22 16:41:27 -08:00
Tejun Heo
bc2791f857 slab: link memcg kmem_caches on their associated memory cgroup 
With kmem cgroup support enabled, kmem_caches can be created and
destroyed frequently and a great number of near empty kmem_caches can
accumulate if there are a lot of transient cgroups and the system is not
under memory pressure.  When memory reclaim starts under such
conditions, it can lead to consecutive deactivation and destruction of
many kmem_caches, easily hundreds of thousands on moderately large
systems, exposing scalability issues in the current slab management
code.  This is one of the patches to address the issue.

While a memcg kmem_cache is listed on its root cache's ->children list,
there is no direct way to iterate all kmem_caches which are assocaited
with a memory cgroup.  The only way to iterate them is walking all
caches while filtering out caches which don't match, which would be most
of them.

This makes memcg destruction operations O(N^2) where N is the total
number of slab caches which can be huge.  This combined with the
synchronous RCU operations can tie up a CPU and affect the whole machine
for many hours when memory reclaim triggers offlining and destruction of
the stale memcgs.

This patch adds mem_cgroup->kmem_caches list which goes through
memcg_cache_params->kmem_caches_node of all kmem_caches which are
associated with the memcg.  All memcg specific iterations, including
stat file access, are updated to use the new list instead.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170117235411.9408-6-tj@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Reported-by: Jay Vana <jsvana@fb.com>
Acked-by: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov.dev@gmail.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
 2017-02-22 16:41:27 -08:00
Tejun Heo
9eeadc8b6e slab: reorganize memcg_cache_params 
We're going to change how memcg caches are iterated.  In preparation,
clean up and reorganize memcg_cache_params.

* The shared ->list is replaced by ->children in root and
  ->children_node in children.

* ->is_root_cache is removed.  Instead ->root_cache is moved out of
  the child union and now used by both root and children.  NULL
  indicates root cache.  Non-NULL a memcg one.

This patch doesn't cause any observable behavior changes.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170117235411.9408-5-tj@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov.dev@gmail.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
 2017-02-22 16:41:27 -08:00
Michal Hocko
bb1107f7c6 mm, slab: make sure that KMALLOC_MAX_SIZE will fit into MAX_ORDER 
Andrey Konovalov has reported the following warning triggered by the
syzkaller fuzzer.

  WARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 9935 at mm/page_alloc.c:3511 __alloc_pages_nodemask+0x159c/0x1e20
  Kernel panic - not syncing: panic_on_warn set ...
  CPU: 1 PID: 9935 Comm: syz-executor0 Not tainted 4.9.0-rc7+ #34
  Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS Bochs 01/01/2011
  Call Trace:
    __alloc_pages_slowpath mm/page_alloc.c:3511
    __alloc_pages_nodemask+0x159c/0x1e20 mm/page_alloc.c:3781
    alloc_pages_current+0x1c7/0x6b0 mm/mempolicy.c:2072
    alloc_pages include/linux/gfp.h:469
    kmalloc_order+0x1f/0x70 mm/slab_common.c:1015
    kmalloc_order_trace+0x1f/0x160 mm/slab_common.c:1026
    kmalloc_large include/linux/slab.h:422
    __kmalloc+0x210/0x2d0 mm/slub.c:3723
    kmalloc include/linux/slab.h:495
    ep_write_iter+0x167/0xb50 drivers/usb/gadget/legacy/inode.c:664
    new_sync_write fs/read_write.c:499
    __vfs_write+0x483/0x760 fs/read_write.c:512
    vfs_write+0x170/0x4e0 fs/read_write.c:560
    SYSC_write fs/read_write.c:607
    SyS_write+0xfb/0x230 fs/read_write.c:599
    entry_SYSCALL_64_fastpath+0x1f/0xc2

The issue is caused by a lack of size check for the request size in
ep_write_iter which should be fixed.  It, however, points to another
problem, that SLUB defines KMALLOC_MAX_SIZE too large because the its
KMALLOC_SHIFT_MAX is (MAX_ORDER + PAGE_SHIFT) which means that the
resulting page allocator request might be MAX_ORDER which is too large
(see __alloc_pages_slowpath).

The same applies to the SLOB allocator which allows even larger sizes.
Make sure that they are capped properly and never request more than
MAX_ORDER order.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20161220130659.16461-2-mhocko@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Reported-by: Andrey Konovalov <andreyknvl@google.com>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
 2017-01-10 18:31:54 -08:00
Sebastian Andrzej Siewior
6731d4f123 slab: Convert to hotplug state machine 
Install the callbacks via the state machine.

Signed-off-by: Richard Weinberger <richard@nod.at>
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Sebastian Andrzej Siewior <bigeasy@linutronix.de>
Reviewed-by: Sebastian Andrzej Siewior <bigeasy@linutronix.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: linux-mm@kvack.org
Cc: rt@linutronix.de
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160823125319.abeapfjapf2kfezp@linutronix.de
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
 2016-09-06 18:30:20 +02:00
Linus Torvalds
1eccfa090e Merge tag 'usercopy-v4.8' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/kees/linux 
Pull usercopy protection from Kees Cook:
 "Tbhis implements HARDENED_USERCOPY verification of copy_to_user and
  copy_from_user bounds checking for most architectures on SLAB and
  SLUB"

* tag 'usercopy-v4.8' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/kees/linux:
  mm: SLUB hardened usercopy support
  mm: SLAB hardened usercopy support
  s390/uaccess: Enable hardened usercopy
  sparc/uaccess: Enable hardened usercopy
  powerpc/uaccess: Enable hardened usercopy
  ia64/uaccess: Enable hardened usercopy
  arm64/uaccess: Enable hardened usercopy
  ARM: uaccess: Enable hardened usercopy
  x86/uaccess: Enable hardened usercopy
  mm: Hardened usercopy
  mm: Implement stack frame object validation
  mm: Add is_migrate_cma_page
 2016-08-08 14:48:14 -07:00