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<h1 id="advanced-features-and-tasks">Advanced features and tasks<a class="headerlink" href="#advanced-features-and-tasks" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<p>While the underlying operating system offers tools and processes to make customizations, the <strong>preferred method</strong> to change most settings is using the interactive <a href="../User-Guide_Armbian-Config/"><em>armbian-config</em></a> tool which is shipped with all Armbian images. It also provides means to install <a href="../User-Guide_Armbian-Software/">preconfigured applications and advanced services</a>.</p>
<p>Usually, all of the following commands require elevated permissions, and must be run as root or prefixed by the <em>sudo</em> command.</p>
<h2 id="keyboard-layout">Keyboard layout<a class="headerlink" href="#keyboard-layout" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>This is typically handled by <a href="../User-Guide_Armbian-Config/Localisation/#change-keyboard-layout"><em>armbian-config</em></a>. For some corner cases, changing the keyboard layout can also be done with:</p>
<div class="language-sh highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-0-1"><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a>dpkg-reconfigure<span class="w"> </span>keyboard-configuration
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<p>If the chosen standard is not available with the previous command, you may also need to set the keymap config.</p>
<div class="language-sh highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-1-1"><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="c1"># Check the actual keymap config</span>
</span><span id="__span-1-2"><a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a>localectl<span class="w"> </span>status<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="w"> </span>grep<span class="w"> </span>-i<span class="w"> </span>keymap
</span><span id="__span-1-3"><a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a>
</span><span id="__span-1-4"><a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="c1"># Set the desired keymap config. In the example below it is set to &#39;br-abnt2&#39;</span>
</span><span id="__span-1-5"><a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a>localectl<span class="w"> </span>set-keymap<span class="w"> </span>br-abnt2
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h2 id="system-language">System language<a class="headerlink" href="#system-language" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>This is typically handled by <a href="../User-Guide_Armbian-Config/Localisation/#change-locales-reconfigure-the-language-and-character-set"><em>armbian-config</em></a>. If necessary, to handle it with system tools, for <a href="https://wiki.debian.org/ChangeLanguage">Debian</a> run:</p>
<div class="language-sh highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-2-1"><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a>dpkg-reconfigure<span class="w"> </span>locales
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<p>And for <a href="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Locale">Ubuntu</a></p>
<div class="language-sh highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-3-1"><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a>update-locale<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">LANG</span><span class="o">=[</span>options<span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;&amp;</span><span class="w"> </span>dpkg-reconfigure<span class="w"> </span>locales
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h2 id="console-font-and-codepage">Console font and codepage<a class="headerlink" href="#console-font-and-codepage" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<div class="language-sh highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-4-1"><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a>dpkg-reconfigure<span class="w"> </span>console-setup
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h2 id="time-zone">Time zone<a class="headerlink" href="#time-zone" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>This is typically handled by <a href="../User-Guide_Armbian-Config/Localisation/#change-global-timezone"><em>armbian-config</em></a>. If necessary, one can also run:</p>
<div class="language-sh highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-5-1"><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a>dpkg-reconfigure<span class="w"> </span>tzdata
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h2 id="default-sound-output">Default sound output<a class="headerlink" href="#default-sound-output" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>In recent versions of Debian and Ubuntu, <code>pulseaudio</code> got replaced by <code>pipewire</code>. The following suggestions won&rsquo;t work in that case.</p>
</div>
<p>To check the available sound output options (&ldquo;sinks&rdquo;) with pulseaudio:</p>
<div class="language-sh highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-6-1"><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a>pacmd<span class="w"> </span>list-sinks<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="w"> </span>less
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<p>The default sink will be marked with an asterisk &ldquo;*&ldquo;. Press <kbd>q</kbd> to exit.</p>
<p>To define a new default sound output:</p>
<div class="language-sh highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-7-1"><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a>pacmd<span class="w"> </span>set-default-sink<span class="w"> </span>&lt;NAME-OF-DESIRED-OPTION&gt;
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<p>The name of HDMI sound output devices may change accordingly to the device. If you don&rsquo;t want to deal with different names, you can run:</p>
<div class="language-sh highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-8-1"><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1"></a>pacmd<span class="w"> </span>set-default-sink<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">$(</span>pactl<span class="w"> </span>list<span class="w"> </span>short<span class="w"> </span>sinks<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="w"> </span>grep<span class="w"> </span>-i<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;hdmi&#39;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="w"> </span>awk<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;{print $2}&#39;</span><span class="k">)</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<p>The command to define the default sink is not persistent. To make it persistent, add it to the file <code>~/.bashrc</code>.</p>
<h2 id="fix-hdmi-screen-resolution-for-sunxiallwinner-soc">Fix HDMI screen resolution for SunXi/Allwinner SoC<a class="headerlink" href="#fix-hdmi-screen-resolution-for-sunxiallwinner-soc" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>In rare cases, some SunXi/Allwinner boards failed to detect Full-HD support for HDMI and boot with only 720p. This issue should now be resolved, and the following steps are provided only for reference if it still occurs.</p>
<div class="admonition tip">
<p class="admonition-title">Legacy versions</p>
<p>Open the <code>/boot/boot.cmd</code> file with an editor of your choice (e.g. <code>nano</code>) and add or change the <a href="https://linux-sunxi.org/Display#HDMI"><code>disp.screen0_output_mode</code></a> option to the kernel command line. For a fixed mode (e.g. 1280x720 at 60 Hz), set it to:</p>
<div class="language-sh highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-9-1"><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1"></a>disp.screen0_output_mode<span class="o">=</span>1280x720p60
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<p>Then run</p>
<div class="language-sh highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-10-1"><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1"></a>mkimage<span class="w"> </span>-C<span class="w"> </span>none<span class="w"> </span>-A<span class="w"> </span>arm<span class="w"> </span>-T<span class="w"> </span>script<span class="w"> </span>-d<span class="w"> </span>/boot/boot.cmd<span class="w"> </span>/boot/boot.scr
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
<h2 id="enable-a-custom-screen-resolution-within-xorg">Enable a custom screen resolution within X.Org<a class="headerlink" href="#enable-a-custom-screen-resolution-within-xorg" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>Sometimes, not all desired resolutions are supported out of the box. The following short howto shows how to enable a custom resolution and add it to your X.Org configuration. It is based on <a href="https://forum.armbian.com/topic/10403-add-undetected-hdmi-resolution-to-x11xorg/">this forum post</a> by user <a class="magiclink magiclink-github magiclink-mention" href="https://github.com/maxlinux2000" title="GitHub User: maxlinux2000">@maxlinux2000</a> (Thanks!). The <code>xrandr</code> and <code>cvt</code> commands must be executed as the current user in a graphical session, <strong>not</strong> by the root user!</p>
<p>First, find the matching HDMI output (the <code>x11-xserver-utils</code> package must be installed):</p>
<div class="language-sh highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-11-1"><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1"></a>xrandr<span class="w"> </span>--listmonitors
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<p>Then, calculate the VESA CVT mode line. The following command does this for a custom resolution of 1440x900.</p>
<div class="language-sh highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-12-1"><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1"></a>cvt<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1440</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">900</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<p>The command will output a new modeline. For our example, it may look like this:</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Text Only</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-13-1"><a id="__codelineno-13-1" name="__codelineno-13-1"></a># 1440x900 59.89 Hz (CVT 1.30MA) hsync: 55.93 kHz; pclk: 106.50 MHz
</span><span id="__span-13-2"><a id="__codelineno-13-2" name="__codelineno-13-2"></a>Modeline &quot;1440x900_60.00&quot; 106.50 1440 1528 1672 1904 900 903 909 934 -hsync +vsync )
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<p>The new modeline can then be used directly to create and add the new mode, and enable it. The following commands will do that for the output device <em>HDMI-1</em>.</p>
<div class="language-sh highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-14-1"><a id="__codelineno-14-1" name="__codelineno-14-1"></a>xrandr<span class="w"> </span>--newmode<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;1440x900_60.00&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">106</span>.50<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1440</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1528</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1672</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1904</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">900</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">903</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">909</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">934</span><span class="w"> </span>-hsync<span class="w"> </span>+vsync
</span><span id="__span-14-2"><a id="__codelineno-14-2" name="__codelineno-14-2"></a>xrandr<span class="w"> </span>--addmode<span class="w"> </span>HDMI-1<span class="w"> </span>1440x900_60.00
</span><span id="__span-14-3"><a id="__codelineno-14-3" name="__codelineno-14-3"></a>xrandr<span class="w"> </span>--output<span class="w"> </span>HDMI-1<span class="w"> </span>--mode<span class="w"> </span>1440x900_60.00
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<p>If it works well, the new mode can also be added to X.Org&rsquo;s configuration in <code>/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/</code> to make it permanently available/active. Otherwise, these commands will have to be executed after every reboot. To load this resolution automatically after starting the device, add the following section to e.g. <code>/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/40-monitor.conf</code> (create the file if it does not exist):</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Text Only</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-15-1"><a id="__codelineno-15-1" name="__codelineno-15-1"></a>Section &quot;Monitor&quot;
</span><span id="__span-15-2"><a id="__codelineno-15-2" name="__codelineno-15-2"></a> Identifier &quot;HDMI-1&quot;
</span><span id="__span-15-3"><a id="__codelineno-15-3" name="__codelineno-15-3"></a> Modeline &quot;1440x900_60.00&quot; 106.50 1440 1528 1672 1904 900 903 909 934 -hsync +vsync
</span><span id="__span-15-4"><a id="__codelineno-15-4" name="__codelineno-15-4"></a> Option &quot;PreferredMode&quot; &quot;1440x900&quot;
</span><span id="__span-15-5"><a id="__codelineno-15-5" name="__codelineno-15-5"></a>EndSection
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<p>After a restart, the graphical session should automatically be shown in the chosen resolution.</p>
<h2 id="alter-the-cpu-frequency">Alter the CPU frequency<a class="headerlink" href="#alter-the-cpu-frequency" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<!--TODO: new boards? -->
<div class="admonition tip">
<p class="admonition-title">Legacy versions</p>
<p>Some boards allow to adjust the CPU speed by editing the file <code>/etc/default/cpufrequtils</code> and alter the <strong>min_speed</strong> and/or <strong>max_speed</strong> variable. Changing these values require restarting <code>cpufrequtils.service</code> to activate the new settings:</p>
<div class="language-sh highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-16-1"><a id="__codelineno-16-1" name="__codelineno-16-1"></a>systemctl<span class="w"> </span>restart<span class="w"> </span>cpufrequtils.service
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
<h2 id="swap-for-experts">Swap for experts<a class="headerlink" href="#swap-for-experts" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>By default, Armbian implements ZRAM (writing nothing to &lsquo;disk&rsquo;, but compressing memory pages in RAM). In case you often run into out-of-memory (OOM) errors and your device has some capable storage (e.g. a securely attached NVMe or SATA SSD), you might want to use ZSWAP instead.</p>
<p>Check whether your kernel has zswap enabled. If yes, the following command</p>
<div class="language-sh highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-17-1"><a id="__codelineno-17-1" name="__codelineno-17-1"></a>dmesg<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="w"> </span>grep<span class="w"> </span>zswap
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<p>should return some output. If that is the case, create a swapfile or a swap partition the traditional way: edit <code>/etc/default/armbian-zram-config</code> so that it reads <code>SWAP=false</code>. Reboot, and you&rsquo;re done.</p>
<p>Zswap performs a lot better than the combination of ZRAM and &lsquo;swap on disk&rsquo; in parallel.</p>
<h2 id="switch-or-downgrade-kernels">Switch or downgrade kernels<a class="headerlink" href="#switch-or-downgrade-kernels" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>This is typically handled by <a href="../User-Guide_Armbian-Config/System/#alternative-kernels"><em>armbian-config</em></a>.</p>
<div class="language-bash highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-18-1"><a id="__codelineno-18-1" name="__codelineno-18-1"></a>armbian-config<span class="w"> </span>--cmd<span class="w"> </span>KER001
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<p>In rare cases, it can be necessary to downgrade a kernel package, e.g. to fall back to a previous version.</p>
<div class="admonition danger">
<p class="admonition-title">Danger</p>
<p>Version dependencies between packages can create serious conflicts when attempting a package downgrade. If you force anything here, you can easily destroy your system beyond the point of repair. Don&rsquo;t use that command lightly and better ask twice.</p>
</div>
<div class="language-sh highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-19-1"><a id="__codelineno-19-1" name="__codelineno-19-1"></a>apt<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span>linux-image-current-rockchip64<span class="o">=</span><span class="m">25</span>.5
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h2 id="build-a-wireless-driver">Build a wireless driver<a class="headerlink" href="#build-a-wireless-driver" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>The kernels provided by the project should contain the drivers, modules, and firmware to support most commonly used network devices/dongles. If you encounter that you have to build your own module and load it, the following example shows the general procedure because most modules follow the same structure and setup. It is, however, rarely necessary to build and load so-called &ldquo;out-of-tree&rdquo; kernel modules as shown in this example. Even the module we use here as an example is already supported by the current kernels.</p>
<p>First, building a module always requires having the kernel headers installed. The correct version can be installed with:</p>
<div class="language-sh highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-20-1"><a id="__codelineno-20-1" name="__codelineno-20-1"></a>armbian-config<span class="w"> </span>--cmd<span class="w"> </span>HEAD01
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<p>Then download the driver&rsquo;s sources. Most drivers can probably be found in a Git repository like in our example.</p>
<div class="language-sh highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-21-1"><a id="__codelineno-21-1" name="__codelineno-21-1"></a>git<span class="w"> </span>clone<span class="w"> </span>https://github.com/morrownr/8821au-20210708.git
</span><span id="__span-21-2"><a id="__codelineno-21-2" name="__codelineno-21-2"></a><span class="nb">cd</span><span class="w"> </span>8821au-20210708
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<p>The build and install instructions can usually be found on the driver&rsquo;s homepage or in a file called <code>README.md</code> in the source. Read these instructions carefully. Usually, the following commands will suffice and result in an output as shown below.</p>
<div class="language-sh highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-22-1"><a id="__codelineno-22-1" name="__codelineno-22-1"></a>make
</span><span id="__span-22-2"><a id="__codelineno-22-2" name="__codelineno-22-2"></a>make<span class="w"> </span>install
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<details>
<summary>Build log</summary>
<div class="language-text highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Text Only</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-1"> 1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-2"> 2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-3"> 3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-4"> 4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-5"> 5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-6"> 6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-7"> 7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-8"> 8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-9"> 9</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-10">10</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-11">11</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-12">12</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-13">13</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-14">14</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-15">15</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-16">16</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-17">17</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-18">18</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-19">19</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-23-1"><a id="__codelineno-23-1" name="__codelineno-23-1"></a>make ARCH=arm64 CROSS_COMPILE= -C /lib/modules/6.6.62-current-sunxi64/build M=/root/8821au-20210708 modules
</span><span id="__span-23-2"><a id="__codelineno-23-2" name="__codelineno-23-2"></a>make[1]: Entering directory &#39;/usr/src/linux-headers-6.6.62-current-sunxi64&#39;
</span><span id="__span-23-3"><a id="__codelineno-23-3" name="__codelineno-23-3"></a> CC [M] /root/8821au-20210708/core/rtw_cmd.o
</span><span id="__span-23-4"><a id="__codelineno-23-4" name="__codelineno-23-4"></a> CC [M] /root/8821au-20210708/core/rtw_security.o
</span><span id="__span-23-5"><a id="__codelineno-23-5" name="__codelineno-23-5"></a> CC [M] /root/8821au-20210708/core/rtw_debug.o
</span><span id="__span-23-6"><a id="__codelineno-23-6" name="__codelineno-23-6"></a> CC [M] /root/8821au-20210708/core/rtw_io.o
</span><span id="__span-23-7"><a id="__codelineno-23-7" name="__codelineno-23-7"></a> CC [M] /root/8821au-20210708/core/rtw_ioctl_query.o
</span><span id="__span-23-8"><a id="__codelineno-23-8" name="__codelineno-23-8"></a> CC [M] /root/8821au-20210708/core/rtw_ioctl_set.o
</span><span id="__span-23-9"><a id="__codelineno-23-9" name="__codelineno-23-9"></a> CC [M] /root/8821au-20210708/core/rtw_ieee80211.o
</span><span id="__span-23-10"><a id="__codelineno-23-10" name="__codelineno-23-10"></a> CC [M] /root/8821au-20210708/core/rtw_mlme.o
</span><span id="__span-23-11"><a id="__codelineno-23-11" name="__codelineno-23-11"></a> CC [M] /root/8821au-20210708/core/rtw_mlme_ext.o
</span><span id="__span-23-12"><a id="__codelineno-23-12" name="__codelineno-23-12"></a> ...
</span><span id="__span-23-13"><a id="__codelineno-23-13" name="__codelineno-23-13"></a> [ goes on for a while ]
</span><span id="__span-23-14"><a id="__codelineno-23-14" name="__codelineno-23-14"></a> ...
</span><span id="__span-23-15"><a id="__codelineno-23-15" name="__codelineno-23-15"></a> LD [M] /root/8821au-20210708/8821au.o
</span><span id="__span-23-16"><a id="__codelineno-23-16" name="__codelineno-23-16"></a> MODPOST /root/8821au-20210708/Module.symvers
</span><span id="__span-23-17"><a id="__codelineno-23-17" name="__codelineno-23-17"></a> CC [M] /root/8821au-20210708/8821au.mod.o
</span><span id="__span-23-18"><a id="__codelineno-23-18" name="__codelineno-23-18"></a> LD [M] /root/8821au-20210708/8821au.ko
</span><span id="__span-23-19"><a id="__codelineno-23-19" name="__codelineno-23-19"></a>make[1]: Leaving directory &#39;/usr/src/linux-headers-6.6.62-current-sunxi64&#39;
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</details>
<p>If make succeeded, attempt to load the driver and check the <code>dmesg</code> output.</p>
<div class="language-sh highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-24-1"><a id="__codelineno-24-1" name="__codelineno-24-1"></a>insmod<span class="w"> </span>8821au.ko
</span><span id="__span-24-2"><a id="__codelineno-24-2" name="__codelineno-24-2"></a>usbcore:<span class="w"> </span>registered<span class="w"> </span>new<span class="w"> </span>interface<span class="w"> </span>driver<span class="w"> </span>rtl8821au
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<p>If everything was successful, plug the USB wireless adaptor in and proceed with the <a href="../User-Guide_Networking/">network configuration</a>.</p>
<h2 id="toggle-boot-output">Toggle boot output<a class="headerlink" href="#toggle-boot-output" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p><a href="http://redsymbol.net/linux-kernel-boot-parameters/">Boot parameters</a> are edited or changed directly in <code>/boot/boot.cmd</code> (<strong>not recommended</strong>) or via variables in <code>/boot/armbianEnv.txt</code>:</p>
<div class="language-diff highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Diff</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-25-1"><a id="__codelineno-25-1" name="__codelineno-25-1"></a><span class="gd">- console=both</span>
</span><span id="__span-25-2"><a id="__codelineno-25-2" name="__codelineno-25-2"></a><span class="gi">+ console=serial</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<p>To disable the console entirely (also <strong>not recommended</strong> and only as an example) one would set <code>console=none</code>.</p>
<p>To recompile <code>boot.cmd</code> to <code>boot.scr</code> if it was changed:</p>
<div class="language-sh highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-26-1"><a id="__codelineno-26-1" name="__codelineno-26-1"></a>mkimage<span class="w"> </span>-C<span class="w"> </span>none<span class="w"> </span>-A<span class="w"> </span>arm<span class="w"> </span>-T<span class="w"> </span>script<span class="w"> </span>-d<span class="w"> </span>/boot/boot.cmd<span class="w"> </span>/boot/boot.scr
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<p>And reboot.</p>
<p>The serial console on imx6 boards is <code>ttymxc0</code> (Hummingboard, Cubox-i) or <code>ttymxc1</code> (Udoo).</p>
<h2 id="toggle-boot-verbosity">Toggle boot verbosity<a class="headerlink" href="#toggle-boot-verbosity" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<!-- TODO: Isn't this better suited for Troubleshooting; at least cross-link from there here -->
<p>To change the boot verbosity, alter the <code>verbosity=</code> line in <code>/boot/armbianEnv.txt</code>. The lower the value, the lower the verbosity. The default is <code>1</code> and the maximum is <code>7</code>.</p>
<div class="admonition tip">
<p class="admonition-title">Legacy versions</p>
<p>Using Armbian from version 5.05 to 5.20, you have to touch or delete <code>/boot/.force-verbose</code> to increase the boot verbosity.</p>
</div>
<h2 id="enable-boot-logs-for-inspection">Enable boot logs for inspection<a class="headerlink" href="#enable-boot-logs-for-inspection" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>If your SBC behaves strange, the first step is to check the power supply and the integrity of the boot media as detailed in the <a href="../User-Guide_Troubleshooting/"><em>Troubleshooting</em></a> section. Also, run</p>
<div class="language-sh highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-27-1"><a id="__codelineno-27-1" name="__codelineno-27-1"></a>armbianmonitor<span class="w"> </span>-c<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$HOME</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<p>Then look into your kernel logs. Armbian also provides a tool that grabs some information and pastes it to an online pasteboard service. Please increase the boot verbosity to its maximum level (<code>verbosity=7</code>) as shown above, reboot and then run:</p>
<div class="language-sh highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-28-1"><a id="__codelineno-28-1" name="__codelineno-28-1"></a>sudo<span class="w"> </span>armbianmonitor<span class="w"> </span>-u
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<p>Then copy and past the URL of your log to the <a href="../#where-to-find-additional-help">forum, mail, etc</a>.</p>
<h2 id="apt-mirror-selection">APT mirror selection<a class="headerlink" href="#apt-mirror-selection" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>Armbian has its own APT repository <code>http://apt.armbian.com</code> and mirrors for armbian-specific packages. The default domain is a round-robin to all mirrors. If you are having trouble updating or expereince slow speeds, you may want to choose a specific mirror.</p>
<p>First, make sure that you have the <code>jq</code> package installed:</p>
<div class="language-sh highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-29-1"><a id="__codelineno-29-1" name="__codelineno-29-1"></a>apt<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span>-y<span class="w"> </span>jq
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<p>To get a list of available mirrors from our <code>https://apt.armbian.com/mirrors</code> endpoint in JSON format, run:</p>
<div class="language-bash highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-30-1"><a id="__codelineno-30-1" name="__codelineno-30-1"></a>curl<span class="w"> </span>-s<span class="w"> </span>http://apt.armbian.com/mirrors<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="w"> </span>jq
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<p>You will see a result set similar to this (shortened), listing mirrors by region:</p>
<div class="language-json highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JSON</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-1"> 1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-2"> 2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-3"> 3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-4"> 4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-5"> 5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-6"> 6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-7"> 7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-8"> 8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-9"> 9</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-10">10</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-11">11</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-12">12</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-13">13</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-14">14</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-15">15</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-16">16</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-17">17</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-18">18</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-19">19</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-20">20</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-21">21</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-22">22</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-23">23</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-24">24</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-25">25</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-26">26</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-31-1"><a id="__codelineno-31-1" name="__codelineno-31-1"></a><span class="p">{</span>
</span><span id="__span-31-2"><a id="__codelineno-31-2" name="__codelineno-31-2"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;AS&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span>
</span><span id="__span-31-3"><a id="__codelineno-31-3" name="__codelineno-31-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;http://mirror.twds.com.tw/armbian-apt/&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="__span-31-4"><a id="__codelineno-31-4" name="__codelineno-31-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;http://mirror.albony.in/armbian/&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="__span-31-5"><a id="__codelineno-31-5" name="__codelineno-31-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;http://jp.mirrors.naho.moe/armbian/&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="__span-31-6"><a id="__codelineno-31-6" name="__codelineno-31-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">...</span>
</span><span id="__span-31-7"><a id="__codelineno-31-7" name="__codelineno-31-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">],</span>
</span><span id="__span-31-8"><a id="__codelineno-31-8" name="__codelineno-31-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;EU&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span>
</span><span id="__span-31-9"><a id="__codelineno-31-9" name="__codelineno-31-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;http://netcup-02.armbian.com/apt/&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="__span-31-10"><a id="__codelineno-31-10" name="__codelineno-31-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;http://fi.mirror.armbian.de/apt/&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="__span-31-11"><a id="__codelineno-31-11" name="__codelineno-31-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;http://armbian.nardol.ovh/apt/&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="__span-31-12"><a id="__codelineno-31-12" name="__codelineno-31-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">...</span>
</span><span id="__span-31-13"><a id="__codelineno-31-13" name="__codelineno-31-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">],</span>
</span><span id="__span-31-14"><a id="__codelineno-31-14" name="__codelineno-31-14"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;NA&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span>
</span><span id="__span-31-15"><a id="__codelineno-31-15" name="__codelineno-31-15"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;http://mirrors.jevincanders.net/armbian/apt/&quot;</span>
</span><span id="__span-31-16"><a id="__codelineno-31-16" name="__codelineno-31-16"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">],</span>
</span><span id="__span-31-17"><a id="__codelineno-31-17" name="__codelineno-31-17"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;OC&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span>
</span><span id="__span-31-18"><a id="__codelineno-31-18" name="__codelineno-31-18"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;http://au.sbcmirror.org/armbian/apt/&quot;</span>
</span><span id="__span-31-19"><a id="__codelineno-31-19" name="__codelineno-31-19"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">],</span>
</span><span id="__span-31-20"><a id="__codelineno-31-20" name="__codelineno-31-20"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;default&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span>
</span><span id="__span-31-21"><a id="__codelineno-31-21" name="__codelineno-31-21"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;http://mirrors.jevincanders.net/armbian/apt/&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="__span-31-22"><a id="__codelineno-31-22" name="__codelineno-31-22"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;http://netcup-02.armbian.com/apt/&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="__span-31-23"><a id="__codelineno-31-23" name="__codelineno-31-23"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;http://fi.mirror.armbian.de/apt/&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="__span-31-24"><a id="__codelineno-31-24" name="__codelineno-31-24"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">...</span>
</span><span id="__span-31-25"><a id="__codelineno-31-25" name="__codelineno-31-25"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">]</span>
</span><span id="__span-31-26"><a id="__codelineno-31-26" name="__codelineno-31-26"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<p>Choose a mirror, edit <code>/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armbian.sources</code>, and replace the URL <code>http(s)://apt.armbian.com</code> with your preferred mirror.</p>
<h2 id="install-docker">Install Docker<a class="headerlink" href="#install-docker" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>Install either the minimal package &hellip;</p>
<div class="language-bash highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-32-1"><a id="__codelineno-32-1" name="__codelineno-32-1"></a>armbian-config<span class="w"> </span>--CON001
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<p>&hellip; or the fully featured one.</p>
<div class="language-bash highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-33-1"><a id="__codelineno-33-1" name="__codelineno-33-1"></a>armbian-config<span class="w"> </span>--CON002
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<p>To test if Docker works correctly:</p>
<!-- TODO: Will the above have added the current user to the docker group? -->
<div class="language-bash highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-34-1"><a id="__codelineno-34-1" name="__codelineno-34-1"></a>docker<span class="w"> </span>run<span class="w"> </span>hello-world
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<p>If you get that kind of output, then Docker install went fine:</p>
<div class="language-bash highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-35-1"><a id="__codelineno-35-1" name="__codelineno-35-1"></a>Hello<span class="w"> </span>from<span class="w"> </span>Docker!
</span><span id="__span-35-2"><a id="__codelineno-35-2" name="__codelineno-35-2"></a>This<span class="w"> </span>message<span class="w"> </span>shows<span class="w"> </span>that<span class="w"> </span>your<span class="w"> </span>installation<span class="w"> </span>appears<span class="w"> </span>to<span class="w"> </span>be<span class="w"> </span>working<span class="w"> </span>correctly.
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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