This patch moves transaction wakeup code into advance_transaction().
No functional changes.
Signed-off-by: Lv Zheng <lv.zheng@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
The ec_remove_handlers() is invoked without checking
EC_FLAGS_HANDLERS_INSTALLED, this patch enhances this check to avoid issues
that acpi_disable_gpe() is invoked unexpectedly to reduce the GPE runtime
count. This may happen when the EC handler installation failed on some
platforms.
Reported-by: Venkat Raghavulu <venkat.raghavulu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Lv Zheng <lv.zheng@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
It is reported that Samsung laptops that need to poll events are broken by
the following commit:
Commit 3afcf2ece4
Subject: ACPI / EC: Add support to disallow QR_EC to be issued when SCI_EVT isn't set
The behaviors of the 2 vendor firmwares are conflict:
1. Acer: OSPM shouldn't issue QR_EC unless SCI_EVT is set, firmware
automatically sets SCI_EVT as long as there is event queued up.
2. Samsung: OSPM should issue QR_EC whatever SCI_EVT is set, firmware
returns 0 when there is no event queued up.
This patch is a quick fix to distinguish the behaviors to make Acer
behavior only effective for Acer EC firmware so that the breakages on
Samsung EC firmware can be avoided.
Fixes: 3afcf2ece4 (ACPI / EC: Add support to disallow QR_EC to be issued ...)
Link: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=44161
Reported-and-tested-by: Ortwin Glück <odi@odi.ch>
Signed-off-by: Lv Zheng <lv.zheng@intel.com>
Cc: 3.17+ <stable@vger.kernel.org> # 3.17+
[ rjw : Subject ]
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
It is reported that the following commit breaks Samsung hardware:
Commit: 558e4736f2.
Subject: ACPI / EC: Add support to disallow QR_EC to be issued before
completing previous QR_EC
Which means the Samsung behavior conflicts with the Acer behavior.
1. Samsung may behave like:
[ +event 1 ] SCI_EVT set
[ +event 2 ] SCI_EVT set
write QR_EC
read event
[ -event 1 ] SCI_EVT clear
Without the above commit, Samsung can work:
[ +event 1 ] SCI_EVT set
[ +event 2 ] SCI_EVT set
write QR_EC
CAN prepare next QR_EC as SCI_EVT=1
read event
[ -event 1 ] SCI_EVT clear
write QR_EC
read event
[ -event 2 ] SCI_EVT clear
With the above commit, Samsung cannot work:
[ +event 1 ] SCI_EVT set
[ +event 2 ] SCI_EVT set
write QR_EC
read event
[ -event 1 ] SCI_EVT clear
CANNOT prepare next QR_EC as SCI_EVT=0
2. Acer may behave like:
[ +event 1 ] SCI_EVT set
[ +event 2 ]
write QR_EC
read event
[ -event 1 ] SCI_EVT clear
[ +event 2 ] SCI_EVT set
Without the above commit, Acer cannot work when there is only 1 event:
[ +event 1 ] SCI_EVT set
write QR_EC
can prepared next QR_EC as SCI_EVT=1
read event
[ -event 1 ] SCI_EVT clear
CANNOT write QR_EC as SCI_EVT=0
With the above commit, Acer can work:
[ +event 1 ] SCI_EVT set
[ +event 2 ]
write QR_EC
read event
[ -event 1 ] SCI_EVT set
can prepare next QR_EC because SCI_EVT=0
CAN write QR_EC as SCI_EVT=1
Since Acer can also work with only the following commit applied:
Commit: 3afcf2ece4
Subject: ACPI / EC: Add support to disallow QR_EC to be issued when
SCI_EVT isn't set
commit 558e4736f2 can be reverted.
Fixes: 558e4736f2 (ACPI / EC: Add support to disallow QR_EC to be issued ...)
Link: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=44161
Reported-and-tested-by: Ortwin Glück <odi@odi.ch>
Signed-off-by: Lv Zheng <lv.zheng@intel.com>
Cc: 3.17+ <stable@vger.kernel.org> # 3.17+
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
This patch cleans up the following coding style issues that are detected by
scripts/checkpatch.pl:
ERROR: code indent should use tabs where possible
ERROR: "foo * bar" should be "foo *bar"
WARNING: Missing a blank line after declarations
WARNING: EXPORT_SYMBOL(foo); should immediately follow its function/variable
WARNING: void function return statements are not generally useful
WARNING: else is not generally useful after a break or return
WARNING: break is not useful after a goto or return
WARNING: braces {} are not necessary for single statement blocks
WARNING: line over 80 characters
WARNING: msleep < 20ms can sleep for up to 20ms; see Documentation/timers/timers-howto.txt
No functional changes.
Signed-off-by: Lv Zheng <lv.zheng@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
This patch refines event/query debugging messages to use a unified format
as commands. Developers can clearly find different processes by checking
different log seperators. No functional changes.
Signed-off-by: Lv Zheng <lv.zheng@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
Developers really don't need to translate EC commands in mind. This patch
adds detailed debugging information for the EC commands.
The address can be found in the follow-up sequential EC_DATA(W) accesses,
thus this patch also removes some of the redundant address information.
Signed-off-by: Lv Zheng <lv.zheng@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
Currently some logs are applied to new transactions, but QR_EC transactions
are not included. This patch merges the code path to make the logs also
applying to the QR_EC transactions.
Signed-off-by: Lv Zheng <lv.zheng@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
This patch adds CPU ID to the context entries' debugging output. no
functional changes.
Signed-off-by: Lv Zheng <lv.zheng@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
Clevo W350etq's EC will not produce GPE interrupt some time after
booting. The ACPI notify event won't trigger when the issue takes
place. After debugging, adding msi quirk for the machine can fix
the issue. This patch is to add msi quirk for the machine.
Link: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=77431
Reported-and-tested-by: qbanin@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Lan Tianyu <tianyu.lan@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
There is platform refusing to respond QR_EC when SCI_EVT isn't set
which is Acer Aspire V5-573G.
By disallowing QR_EC to be issued before the previous one has been
completed we are able to reduce the possibilities to trigger issues on
such platforms.
Note that this fix can only reduce the occurrence rate of this issue, but
this issue may still occur when such a platform doesn't clear SCI_EVT
before or immediately after completing the previous QR_EC transaction.
This patch cannot fix the CLEAR_ON_RESUME quirk which also relies on
the assumption that the platforms are able to respond even when SCI_EVT
isn't set.
But this patch is still useful as it can help to reduce the number of
scheduled QR_EC work items.
Link: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=82611
Reported-and-tested-by: Alexander Mezin <mezin.alexander@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Lv Zheng <lv.zheng@intel.com>
Cc: 3.16+ <stable@vger.kernel.org> # 3.16+
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
There is a platform refusing to respond QR_EC when SCI_EVT isn't set
(Acer Aspire V5-573G).
Currently, we rely on the behaviour that the EC firmware can respond
something (for example, 0x00 to indicate "no outstanding events") to
QR_EC even when SCI_EVT is not set, but the reporter has complained
about AC/battery pluging/unpluging and video brightness change delay
on that platform.
This is because the work item that has issued QR_EC has to wait until
timeout in this case, and the _Qxx method evaluation work item queued
after QR_EC one is delayed.
It sounds reasonable to fix this issue by:
1. Implementing SCI_EVT sanity check before issuing QR_EC in the EC
driver's main state machine.
2. Moving QR_EC issuing out of the work queue used by _Qxx evaluation
to a seperate IRQ handling thread.
This patch fixes this issue using solution 1.
By disallowing QR_EC to be issued when SCI_EVT isn't set, we are able to
handle such platform in the EC driver's main state machine. This patch
enhances the state machine in this way to survive with such malfunctioning
EC firmware.
Note that this patch can also fix CLEAR_ON_RESUME quirk which also relies
on the assumption that the platforms are able to respond even when SCI_EVT
isn't set.
Fixes: c0d653412f ACPI / EC: Fix race condition in ec_transaction_completed()
Link: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=82611
Reported-and-tested-by: Alexander Mezin <mezin.alexander@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Lv Zheng <lv.zheng@intel.com>
Cc: 3.16+ <stable@vger.kernel.org> # 3.16+
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
Smatch detected two memory leaks on saved_ec:
drivers/acpi/ec.c:1070 acpi_ec_ecdt_probe() warn: possible
memory leak of 'saved_ec'
drivers/acpi/ec.c:1109 acpi_ec_ecdt_probe() warn: possible
memory leak of 'saved_ec'
Free saved_ec on these two error exit paths to stop the memory
leak. Note that saved_ec maybe null, but kfree on null is allowed.
Signed-off-by: Colin Ian King <colin.king@canonical.com>
Acked-by: Lan Tianyu <tianyu.lan@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
The bug fixes and asynchronous improvements have been done to the EC driver
by the previous commits. This patch increases the revision to 2.2 to
indicate the behavior differences between the old and the new drivers. The
copyright/authorship notices are also updated.
Signed-off-by: Lv Zheng <lv.zheng@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
There is a race condition in ec_transaction_completed().
When ec_transaction_completed() is called in the GPE handler, it could
return true because of (ec->curr == NULL). Then the wake_up() invocation
could complete the next command unexpectedly since there is no lock between
the 2 invocations. With the previous cleanup, the IBF=0 waiter race need
not be handled any more. It's now safe to return a flag from
advance_condition() to indicate the requirement of wakeup, the flag is
returned from a locked context.
The ec_transaction_completed() is now only invoked by the ec_poll() where
the ec->curr is ensured to be different from NULL.
After cleaning up, the EVT_SCI=1 check should be moved out of the wakeup
condition so that an EVT_SCI raised with (ec->curr == NULL) can trigger a
QR_SC command.
Link: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=70891
Link: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=63931
Link: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=59911
Reported-and-tested-by: Gareth Williams <gareth@garethwilliams.me.uk>
Reported-and-tested-by: Hans de Goede <jwrdegoede@fedoraproject.org>
Reported-by: Barton Xu <tank.xuhan@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Steffen Weber <steffen.weber@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Arthur Chen <axchen@nvidia.com>
Signed-off-by: Lv Zheng <lv.zheng@intel.com>
Cc: All applicable <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
Move the first command byte write into advance_transaction() so that all
EC register accesses that can affect the command processing state machine
can happen in this asynchronous state machine advancement function.
The advance_transaction() function then can be a complete implementation
of an asyncrhonous transaction for a single command so that:
1. The first command byte can be written in the interrupt context;
2. The command completion waiter can also be used to wait the first command
byte's timeout;
3. In BURST mode, the follow-up command bytes can be written in the
interrupt context directly, so that it doesn't need to return to the
task context. Returning to the task context reduces the throughput of
the BURST mode and in the worst cases where the system workload is very
high, this leads to the hardware driven automatic BURST mode exit.
In order not to increase memory consumption, convert 'done' into 'flags'
to contain multiple indications:
1. ACPI_EC_COMMAND_COMPLETE: converting from original 'done' condition,
indicating the completion of the command transaction.
2. ACPI_EC_COMMAND_POLL: indicating the availability of writing the first
command byte. A new command can utilize this flag to compete for the
right of accessing the underlying hardware. There is a follow-up bug
fix that has utilized this new flag.
The 2 flags are important because it also reflects a key concept of IO
programs' design used in the system softwares. Normally an IO program
running in the kernel should first be implemented in the asynchronous way.
And the 2 flags are the most common way to implement its synchronous
operations on top of the asynchronous operations:
1. POLL: This flag can be used to block until the asynchronous operations
can happen.
2. COMPLETE: This flag can be used to block until the asynchronous
operations have completed.
By constructing code cleanly in this way, many difficult problems can be
solved smoothly.
Link: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=70891
Link: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=63931
Link: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=59911
Reported-and-tested-by: Gareth Williams <gareth@garethwilliams.me.uk>
Reported-and-tested-by: Hans de Goede <jwrdegoede@fedoraproject.org>
Reported-by: Barton Xu <tank.xuhan@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Steffen Weber <steffen.weber@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Arthur Chen <axchen@nvidia.com>
Signed-off-by: Lv Zheng <lv.zheng@intel.com>
Cc: All applicable <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
The advance_transaction() will be invoked from the IRQ context GPE handler
and the task context ec_poll(). The handling of this function is locked so
that the EC state machine are ensured to be advanced sequentially.
But there is a problem. Before invoking advance_transaction(), EC_SC(R) is
read. Then for advance_transaction(), there could be race condition around
the lock from both contexts. The first one reading the register could fail
this race and when it passes the stale register value to the state machine
advancement code, the hardware condition is totally different from when
the register is read. And the hardware accesses determined from the wrong
hardware status can break the EC state machine. And there could be cases
that the functionalities of the platform firmware are seriously affected.
For example:
1. When 2 EC_DATA(W) writes compete the IBF=0, the 2nd EC_DATA(W) write may
be invalid due to IBF=1 after the 1st EC_DATA(W) write. Then the
hardware will either refuse to respond a next EC_SC(W) write of the next
command or discard the current WR_EC command when it receives a EC_SC(W)
write of the next command.
2. When 1 EC_SC(W) write and 1 EC_DATA(W) write compete the IBF=0, the
EC_DATA(W) write may be invalid due to IBF=1 after the EC_SC(W) write.
The next EC_DATA(R) could never be responded by the hardware. This is
the root cause of the reported issue.
Fix this issue by moving the EC_SC(R) access into the lock so that we can
ensure that the state machine is advanced consistently.
Link: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=70891
Link: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=63931
Link: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=59911
Reported-and-tested-by: Gareth Williams <gareth@garethwilliams.me.uk>
Reported-and-tested-by: Hans de Goede <jwrdegoede@fedoraproject.org>
Reported-by: Barton Xu <tank.xuhan@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Steffen Weber <steffen.weber@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Arthur Chen <axchen@nvidia.com>
Signed-off-by: Lv Zheng <lv.zheng@intel.com>
Cc: All applicable <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
Address a regression caused by commit ad332c8a45:
(ACPI / EC: Clear stale EC events on Samsung systems)
After the earlier patch, there was found to be a race condition on some
earlier Samsung systems (N150/N210/N220). The function acpi_ec_clear was
sometimes discarding a new EC event before its GPE was triggered by the
system. In the case of these systems, this meant that the "lid open"
event was not registered on resume if that was the cause of the wake,
leading to problems when attempting to close the lid to suspend again.
After testing on a number of Samsung systems, both those affected by the
previous EC bug and those affected by the race condition, it seemed that
the best course of action was to process rather than discard the events.
On Samsung systems which accumulate stale EC events, there does not seem
to be any adverse side-effects of running the associated _Q methods.
This patch adds an argument to the static function acpi_ec_sync_query so
that it may be used within the acpi_ec_clear loop in place of
acpi_ec_query_unlocked which was used previously.
With thanks to Stefan Biereigel for reporting the issue, and for all the
people who helped test the new patch on affected systems.
Fixes: ad332c8a45 (ACPI / EC: Clear stale EC events on Samsung systems)
References: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/532FE3B2.9060808@biereigel-wb.de
References: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=44161#c173
Reported-by: Stefan Biereigel <stefan@biereigel.de>
Signed-off-by: Kieran Clancy <clancy.kieran@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Stefan Biereigel <stefan@biereigel.de>
Tested-by: Dennis Jansen <dennis.jansen@web.de>
Tested-by: Nicolas Porcel <nicolasporcel06@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Maurizio D'Addona <mauritiusdadd@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Juan Manuel Cabo <juanmanuel.cabo@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Giannis Koutsou <giannis.koutsou@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Kieran Clancy <clancy.kieran@gmail.com>
Cc: 3.14+ <stable@vger.kernel.org> # 3.14+
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
A number of Samsung notebooks (530Uxx/535Uxx/540Uxx/550Pxx/900Xxx/etc)
continue to log events during sleep (lid open/close, AC plug/unplug,
battery level change), which accumulate in the EC until a buffer fills.
After the buffer is full (tests suggest it holds 8 events), GPEs stop
being triggered for new events. This state persists on wake or even on
power cycle, and prevents new events from being registered until the EC
is manually polled.
This is the root cause of a number of bugs, including AC not being
detected properly, lid close not triggering suspend, and low ambient
light not triggering the keyboard backlight. The bug also seemed to be
responsible for performance issues on at least one user's machine.
Juan Manuel Cabo found the cause of bug and the workaround of polling
the EC manually on wake.
The loop which clears the stale events is based on an earlier patch by
Lan Tianyu (see referenced attachment).
This patch:
- Adds a function acpi_ec_clear() which polls the EC for stale _Q
events at most ACPI_EC_CLEAR_MAX (currently 100) times. A warning is
logged if this limit is reached.
- Adds a flag EC_FLAGS_CLEAR_ON_RESUME which is set to 1 if the DMI
system vendor is Samsung. This check could be replaced by several
more specific DMI vendor/product pairs, but it's likely that the bug
affects more Samsung products than just the five series mentioned
above. Further, it should not be harmful to run acpi_ec_clear() on
systems without the bug; it will return immediately after finding no
data waiting.
- Runs acpi_ec_clear() on initialisation (boot), from acpi_ec_add()
- Runs acpi_ec_clear() on wake, from acpi_ec_unblock_transactions()
References: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=44161
References: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=45461
References: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=57271
References: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/attachment.cgi?id=126801
Suggested-by: Juan Manuel Cabo <juanmanuel.cabo@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Kieran Clancy <clancy.kieran@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Lan Tianyu <tianyu.lan@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Dennis Jansen <dennis.jansen@web.de>
Tested-by: Kieran Clancy <clancy.kieran@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Juan Manuel Cabo <juanmanuel.cabo@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Dennis Jansen <dennis.jansen@web.de>
Tested-by: Maurizio D'Addona <mauritiusdadd@gmail.com>
Tested-by: San Zamoyski <san@plusnet.pl>
Cc: All applicable <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
* acpi-gpe:
ACPI / EC: disable GPE before removing GPE handler
ACPI / Button: Fix enabling button GPEs twice
* acpi-video:
ACPI: Blacklist Win8 OSI for some HP laptop 2013 models
ACPI / video: Fix typo in video_detect.c
* acpi-thermal:
ACPI / thermal: remove const from thermal_zone_device_ops declaration
* acpi-processor:
ACPI / scan: bail out early if failed to parse APIC ID for CPU
* acpi-sleep:
ACPI / sleep: remove panic in case hardware has changed after S4
Adds the prototype declarations of functions acpi_ec_add_query_handler()
and acpi_ec_remove_query_handler() in header file internal.h and removes
unused functions ec_burst_enable() and ec_burst_disable() in ec.c.
This eliminates the following warnings in ec.c:
drivers/acpi/ec.c:393:5: warning: no previous prototype for ‘ec_burst_enable’ [-Wmissing-prototypes]
drivers/acpi/ec.c:402:5: warning: no previous prototype for ‘ec_burst_disable’ [-Wmissing-prototypes]
drivers/acpi/ec.c:531:5: warning: no previous prototype for ‘acpi_ec_add_query_handler’ [-Wmissing-prototypes]
drivers/acpi/ec.c:552:6: warning: no previous prototype for ‘acpi_ec_remove_query_handler’ [-Wmissing-prototypes]
Signed-off-by: Rashika Kheria <rashika.kheria@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
Adjust the order of disabling the EC GPE and removing its handler to
avoid unhandled events.
Signed-off-by: Lan Tianyu <tianyu.lan@intel.com>
[rjw: Changelog]
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
Replace direct inclusions of <acpi/acpi.h>, <acpi/acpi_bus.h> and
<acpi/acpi_drivers.h>, which are incorrect, with <linux/acpi.h>
inclusions and remove some inclusions of those files that aren't
necessary.
First of all, <acpi/acpi.h>, <acpi/acpi_bus.h> and <acpi/acpi_drivers.h>
should not be included directly from any files that are built for
CONFIG_ACPI unset, because that generally leads to build warnings about
undefined symbols in !CONFIG_ACPI builds. For CONFIG_ACPI set,
<linux/acpi.h> includes those files and for CONFIG_ACPI unset it
provides stub ACPI symbols to be used in that case.
Second, there are ordering dependencies between those files that always
have to be met. Namely, it is required that <acpi/acpi_bus.h> be included
prior to <acpi/acpi_drivers.h> so that the acpi_pci_root declarations the
latter depends on are always there. And <acpi/acpi.h> which provides
basic ACPICA type declarations should always be included prior to any other
ACPI headers in CONFIG_ACPI builds. That also is taken care of including
<linux/acpi.h> as appropriate.
Signed-off-by: Lv Zheng <lv.zheng@intel.com>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: Matthew Garrett <mjg59@srcf.ucam.org>
Cc: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Acked-by: Bjorn Helgaas <bhelgaas@google.com> (drivers/pci stuff)
Acked-by: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com> (Xen stuff)
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
Lv Zheng
Lan Tianyu
Colin Ian King
Kieran Clancy
Rafael J. Wysocki
Rashika